268 LANIUS 
portion of the wings and tail black and the entire under parts white, with an 
occasional grey or rosy shade. Hight species are here recognized; five of 
these are little more than geographical races of the widely spread and well- 
known Lanius excubitor of Kurope, and their inter-relations and breeding 
ranges are not yet by any means satisfactorily settled. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 
a, Outer primary short, barely extending beyond the 
primary coverts. . . . minor. 
b. Outer primary much ieeeee about half the length of the 
second. 
11. No trace of rufous brown on the rump or tail-feathers 
a*. Scapulars always with some white. 
a’. Wing speculum extensive, the white on the basal 
part of the primaries extending about an inch 
beyond the coverts. 
a*. Larger wing over 4:10; no white on the rump. 
a>, Underparts washed with grey; 5th pair of 
tail-feathers usually with a oS deal of 
black . . . aucheri. 
b>. Underparts paebeds ai roe no “er 
outer and 5th pair of tail-feathers almost 
completely white; billpale. . . . pallidirostris. 
5. Underparts pure white; outer and Sth op 
of tail-feathers almost seal white ; 
bill iblack= =e elegans. 
b*. Smaller, wing under 4° 0, runip and upper tail- 
coverts white; breast white. . . . leucopygos. 
68. Wing speculum reduced, white on the eel pat 
of the primaries extending only about 0°5 inch 
beyond the coverts . . . . . . . . + « Uneinatus. 
62, Scapulars without white. . . . lubberti. 
b1, Rump and upper tail-coverts and ne aie ported 
of the tail-feathers washed with rufous . . . . . bogdanowi. 
Lanius aucheri. 
Lanius aucheri, Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 294 Persia. 
Lanius excubitor aucheri, Hartert, Vég. pal. Fauna i. p. 420 (1907) ; 
Zedlitz, J. f. O. 1910, p. 804 Dahlak Island and Cheren. 
Lanius fallax, Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 249 pl. xxv. (1872) 
Bogosland; Gadow Cat. B. M. viii. p. 247, pl. 8 (1883); Reichen, 
Vog. Afr. ii. p. 318 (1903) ; Erlanger, J. f. O. 1905, p. 702 Zerla. 
Lanius pallidirostris [pt] Ogilvie-Grant, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 409. 
