TSCHAGRA AUSTRALIS 377 
Along the Zambesi Valley from Zumbo downwards, and 
perhaps extending north to Nyasaland, and south to Inhambane, 
a somewhat smaller form with paler and more ashy under 
parts takes the place of H. australis. Alexander (Ibis, 1899, 
p. 582) writes as follows in regard to this form which he 
calls Telephonus minor, but which seems more properly referable 
to 7’. a. congener: “ This Shrike keeps to long grass and thick 
bushes, imitating when pursued the call-note of a quail. In 
the breeding season the male bird will continually rise up 
with a whirring sound of the wings vertically into the air, and 
then drop to earth again in a curious manner as if it had 
suddenly lost control of its flight, and was endeavouring to 
reach the ground the best way it could, uttering the whole 
time a string of musical notes, descending in scale, the 
rendering of which is very true.” 
In German East Africa is found another subspecies, 7’. a. 
munor, perhaps a little more buffy in tone below and slightly 
smaller. It was described by Reichenow from examples 
collected at Kagehi on the south-east corner of Victoria 
Nyanza by Fischer, whence it extends south to the Usufua 
district between Lakes Tanganyika and Nyasa. It appears to 
me very doubtfully distinct from 7’. a. congener, but I have been 
able to examine very few examples of this form. 
Still further north in Uganda and the western portion of 
British East Africa, and ranging westwards to Ruwenzori and 
the Niam Niam country between the River Shari and the 
Ubangi in French Congo, is another larger subspecies, 7’. a. 
emini, described by Reichenow from an example obtained by 
Emin Pasha at Bukoba, on the western shore of Victoria 
Nyanza. It is quite a different looking bird from 1’. a. congener, 
showing a strong wash of olivaceous on the flanks, while it is 
without doubt identical with Neumann’s H. a. dohertyt. 
In German Camaroon is found 7’. a. frater which comes 
