16 TOPOGRAPHY OF THE BODY. 
liarly ornamented with feathers of different texture or structure from those 
of the general plumage; but an instance of this is seen in our Lewis’ wood- ~ 
pecker. The noteum, on the contrary, is often the seat of extraordinary 
development of feathers, either in size, shape or texture; as the singularly 
elegant plumes of the herons. Individual feathers of the notzum are 
generally pennaceous (§ 4), in greatest part straight and lanceolate; and 
b 
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Fic. 4.— Topography of a Bird. 
1, forehead (frons). 2, lore. 3, cireumocular region. remiges. 28, primary coverts. 29, alu/a, or bastard wing. 
4, crown (verter). 5, eye. 6, hind head (occiput). 7, 30, greater coverts. 31, median coverts. 32, lesser coverts. 
nape (nucha), 8, hind neck (cervir). 9, side of neck. 33, the * throat,” including 34, 37,38. 34, jugu/um or lower 
10. interscapular region. ll, dorsum, or buck proper, in- throat. 35,auriculars, 36, malar region. 37, gula,or mid- 
cluding 10. 12, not#um, or upper part of body proper, dle throat. 35, mentum, or chin, 39, angle of commis- 
including 10, 11, and 13. 13, rump (wrepygium). 14, upper sure, or corner of mouth. 40, ramus of under mandible. 
tail coverts. 15, tail. 16, under tail coverts. 17, tarsus. 41, side of under mandible. 42, gonys. 43, apex, or tip of 
18, abdomen. 19, hind toe (ha/luxr), 20, gastraum, inelud- bill. 44, tomia, or cutting edges of the bill. 45, culmen, 
ing 18 and 24, 21, outer or fourth toe, 22, middle or third or ridge of upper mandible, corresponding to gonys. 46, 
toe. 25, side of the body. 24, breast (pectus). 25, prima- side of upper mandible. 47, nostril. 48 passes across the 
ries, 26, secondaries. 27, tertiaries; nos. 24, 26, 27 are all bill a little in front of its base. 
as a whole they lie smoothly imbricated (like shingles on a roof). The 
gastreeal feathers are more largely plumulaceous ({§ 4 ), less flat and imbri- 
cated, but even more compact, that is, thicker, than those of the upper 
parts ; especially among water birds, where they are all more or less curly, 
and very thickset. There are subdivisions of the 
§ 38. Normum. Beginning where the neck ends, and ending where the 
tail coverts begin, this part of the bird is divided into back (Lat. dorsum; 
fig. 4, 11) and rump (L. wropygium fig. 4,13). These are direct continuations 
of each other, and their limits are not precisely defined. The feathers of 
both are on the pteryla dorsalis (§ 8, 6). In general, we may say that the 
anterior two-thirds or three-quarters of noteum is back, and the rest rump. 
With the former are generally included the scapular feathers, or scapulars: 
these are they that grow on the pteryle humerales (§ 8, 6): the region of 
