20 TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HEAD. 
much all the space betwixt the eye and the sides of the base of the upper 
mandible (§ 44). Thus, we say of a hawk, “lores bristly ;” and examina- 
tion of a bird of that kind will show how large a space is covered by the 
term. Lore, however, should properly be restricted to a narrow line 
between the eye and bill in the direction of the nostrils. It is excellently 
shown in the heron and grebe families, where “naked lores” is a distinctive 
family character. The lore is an important place, not only from being thus 
marked in many birds, but from being frequently the seat of specially 
modified or specially colored feathers. The rest of the side of the head, 
including the space between angle of jaw and Dill, has the name of cheek 
(L. gena, firstly eyelid, then, and generally, the prominence under the eye 
formed by the cheek-bones; fig. 4, 36). It is bounded above by lore, infra- 
orbital, and auricular; below, by a more or less straight line, representing 
the lower edge of the bony prong of the under mandible (§ 44). It is 
cleft in front for a varying distance by the backward extension of the gape 
of the mouth; above this gape is more properly gena, or malar region in 
strictness; below it is yaw (maxilla), or rather “side of the jaw.” The 
lower edge of the jaw definitely separates the side of the head from the 
(ce). “Under surface” of the head; properly bounded behind by an imag- 
inary line drawn straight across from one angle of the jaw to the other, and 
running forward to a point between the forks of the under mandible (§ 44). 
As already hinted, “throat” (gula; fig. 4, 37) extends upward and forward 
into this space without obvious dividing line; it runs into chin (LL. mentum; 
fig. 4, 38) of which it is only to be said, that it is the (varying in extent) 
anterior part of the under surface of the head. Anteriorly, it may be con- 
veniently marked off, opposite the point where the feathers end on the side 
of the lower jaw, from the feathery space (when any) between the branches 
of the under mandible itself; this latter space is called the dnéerramal (L. 
inter, between, ramus, fork). 
(d). The head is so often marked lengthwise with different colors, apt to 
take such definite position, that these lines have received special names. 
Median vertical line is one along the middle of pileum, from base of culmen 
(§ 50) to nucha: /ateral vertical lines bound it on either side. Superciliary 
line has just been noticed; below it runs the lateral stripe; that part of it 
before the eye, is loral or ante-orbital ; behind the eye, post-orbital; when 
these are continuous through the eye, they form a transocular line; below 
this is malar line, cheek-stripe, or frenum; below this, on the under jaw, 
maxillary line; in the middle below, mental or gular lines. ‘The lines are 
stripes (Li. plage) when narrow and distinct, like the welt of a whip-lash ; 
streaks (sé7de) when narrow and somewhat erratic ; and vittce or fascie when 
quite broad, as is particularly likely to be the case with the eye-line.* 
*I had thought of a section on patterns of coloration (picture), but the attempt to reduce birds’ infinitely 
varied colors to generalized formulas would take too much space. I may add, however, conveniently in 
this connection, the following: Considerable areas of color take name from the parts they occupy, down 
to what may be called variegations. These are produced in two ways: (1) by insensible change of colors, either 
in fading into lighter, or shading into darker tints of the same; as an indefinite brown into black, gray or 
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