abd. Abdomen. 
ad. Adult. 
aut. Autumn. 
axill. Axillaries. 
b. Bill. 
bl. Blue. 
bi. Black. 
Br. Am. British America. 
brn. Brown. 
brst. Breast. 
cl. Claw, claws. 
col. Color. 
cold. Colored. 
comm. Commissure. 
culm. Culmen. 
Eur. Europe. 
Jthr, Feather. 
Sthr’d. Feathered. 
Jihrs. Feathers. 
hd. Head. 
gon. Gonys. 
gr. Gray. 
grn. Green. 
intersc. Interscapularies. 
A few contractions, not given above, are self-explanatory. 
gd. Male. 
2. Female. 
Og, oryg. #¢. Young male. 
o9,oryg. 9. Young female. 
= Sign of equality; generally, as long as. the end of a word: when before a word or 
> More; generally, longer than; also, greater than, paragraph, they are used to point off sections 
or more than. 
< Less; generally, shorter than; also, smaller than, *,* Interpolated sentences. 
or less than. 
igth. Length. sum. Summer. 
mand. Mandible. supere. Superciliary. 
max. Maxilla. wg.wgs. Wing, wings. 
Mex. Mexico, win. Winter. 
N.Am. North America (at large). W.Z. West Indies. 
nost. Nostrils. t. Toe, toes. 
obs. Observation. _ tcl. Toe and claw together. 
occip. Ocvciput. tert. Tertiary —ies. 
olw. Olive. tib. Tibia. 
plmg. Plumage. thrt. Throat. c 
prim. Primary—ies. tl. Wail. 
purp. Purple. trs. Tarsus. 
rect. Rectrices. un. mand. Under mandible. : 
rem. Remiges. un.-tl.-cov. Under tail coverts. 
retic. Reticulations. un.-wg.-cov. Under wing coverts. 
reticc. Reticulate. up.mgnd. Upper mandible. 
rmp. Rump. up.-tl.-cov. Upper tail coverts. 
scap. Scapularies. up.-wg.-cov. Upper wing coverts. 
seut. Scutella. U.S. United States, except Alaska; 4 
scutt. Scutellate. usual abbreviations for names of a 
sec. Secondary —ies. States and Territories. 
?sh. Diminishing.sufix; as b1/’sh, wht. White. 
blackish. yell. Yellow. 
spr. Spring. yg. Young. 
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 
. 
i) “ 
ABBREVIATIONS USED. 
SIGNS USED. 
! Certainty, with personal responsibility (not ex- 
clamation or surprise). All other punctua- 
tion as usual. F 
*, t,t, ete. Refer as usual to foot notes, when at. — 
in a manner that will be evident. 
_ § Complete paragraphs (in the introduction only). 
