194 PICIDA, WOODPECKERS.—GEN. 182, 133. 
Var. HAarRisn. Exactly like villosus, excepting fewer wing-spots; generally none 
on the coverts and inner quills; with specimens enough we can see the spots disap- 
pear one by one. Generally white below, but in some regions smoky-gray (a thing 
not observed in Eastern birds, but apparently due, sometimes at least, to soiling 
with carbonaceous matter). Rocky Mountains 
to the Pacific. Avup., iv, 242, pl. 261 (dark- 
bellied) ; Nurr.,i, 2d ed. 627; Bp., 87; Coor., 
375. P. hyloscopus CaBANIs. 
+7 Usually 6-7 long ; outer tail feathers barred 
with black and white. 
Downy Woodpecker. Exactly like P. 
f es villosus, except in the above respects; wing 
Bigade0: | Dovwaly, Wicd pecker, under 4; tail under 3; bill about 3; whole 
foot 14. Eastern North America, abundant in orchards, and all wooded 
places. ‘ Wits., i, 153, pl. 9; Nurr., i, 576; Aup., iv, 249, pl. 263; Bp., 
89. P. meridionalis Swains., F. B.-A. ii, 808 (small southern race) ; 
Permedcanus Ups; ibid.” 308... SS eee OS eis 
Var. GAIRPNERI. Bearing the same relation to P. pubescens, that harrisii does to 
P. villosus, and inhabiting the same regions; the wing spots few or wanting on the 
inner quills and the coverts, the belly smoky-gray in some localities. Aup., iv, 
252; Bo., 91, pl. 85; Coor., 377. * P. meridionalis Nurv., i, 2d ed. 690. 
132. Genus PICOIDES Lacepede. 
*,* Three-toed; the hallux absent. Crown with a yellow patch in the ¢ ; 
sides of head striped, of body barred, with black and white ; under parts otherwise 
white ; quills with white spots; tail feathers unbarred, the outer white, the central 
black. Length 8-9; wing 43-5; tail 31-4. 
Black-backed Woodpecker. Back uniform black. Arctic America to the 
Northern States. Avp., iv, 266, pl. 268; Nurr., i, 578; Bp., 98; Coopr., 
384. P. tridactylus Bonar., Am. Orn. ii, 14, pl. 14, f.2. .  arcricus. 
Banded Woodpecker. Back with a white lengthwise stripe, banded with 
black tips of the feathers. Arctic America into Northern States. P. hir- 
sutus AUD., iv, 268, pl. 269; Nurr., i, 2d ed. 622; Bp., 98; P. tridactylus 
Swains., I’. B.-A. ii, 311, pl. 56; P. americanus Coor., 385. AMERICANUS. 
Var. porsaLis. Back with an uninterrupted white stripe; Bp., 100, pl. 85, f. 1. 
Rocky Mountain region. *,* All the species of this genus are unquestionably 
modified derivatives of one circumpolar stock ; the American seem to have become 
completely differentiated from the Asiatic and European, and further divergence 
seems to have perfectly separated arcticus from americanus; but dorsalis and 
americanus are still linked together. 
133. Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird. 
*,* Tongue not extensible; the tip brushy; hyoid bones short. Birds of this 
genus feed much upon fruits, as well as insects, and also, it would seem, upon soft 
inner bark (cambium) ; they injure fruit trees by stripping off the bark, sometimes 
in large areas, instead of simply boring holes. Of the several small species com- 
monly called “ sapsuckers,” they alone deserve the name. In declaring war against 
