10 FALCONIN 2. 
upper tail-coverts much lighter; wings blackish-brown, more or 
less spotted or barred with white on the inner web ; tail grey, 
with some dark bands, and a pale tip; beneath chin and throat 
pure white ; breast, white, with a few narrow longitudinal streaks, 
almost disappearing in old individuals; abdomen with some small 
heart-shaped spots ; flanks and thigh-coverts with dark transverse 
bars; inner wing-coverts white, with numerous well-marked 
dark cross bars. 
Young bird: above dark brown, most of the feathers edged 
with paler and somewhat rufous brown; head more edged with 
whitish, especially the hind head; cheek-stripe brown; wings 
darker brown than the back, with pale rufous spots or bars on the 
inner webs ; the tail dusky-cinereous, with numerous interrupted 
pale rufous or rufous-white bars ; beneath white or creamy, with 
brown oval spots, longitudinal and narrow on the throat and breast, 
wider and ovate on the abdomen. 
The following extract from Mr. Hume’s “Rough Notes” will 
assist in discriminating the various species of Falcons :— 
“First, the Sacer so far exceeds all the others in size that 
this alone would be sufficient to identify it. The wings average 
from 15 to 16 inches, against 14 in F. guggur and F. peregrinus, 
and 13 in perigrinator and babylonicus. Then, while the cen- 
tral tail-feathers of peregrinus, perigrinator, and babylonicus 
are all barred, (in different stages according to age) and those of 
juggur are unbarred, those of Sacer, in most of the specimens I 
have seen, are marked with roundish spots (more or less broad 
ovals on the laterals). Then, again, the Sacer never has much, and 
commonly shows scarcely any sign of a cheek-stripe, while in all 
the others it is well marked. Further, the Peregrine is distin- 
guished at all times from the Juggur, by its huge, broad cheek- 
patch, which in the Laggar is at most about a quarter of an inch 
broad, and by the entire absence of barring on the centre tail- 
feathers in F. juggur, which absence equally distinguishes this 
later from both perigrinator and babylonicus. 
From babylonicus, both perigrinator and peregrinus differ in 
the cheek-stripe, which is narrow in the former, as inthe juggur, 
but very broad and strongly marked in the two latter; but baby- 
lonicus, as far as my experience goes, is not of the juggur type 
of brown plumage, the old birds becoming slaty or greenish-blue 
as do both peregrinus. and perigrinator, whilst the oldest jug- 
gur is never more than slaty-brown. 
Then, as to perigrinator and peregrinus, the comparatively 
rich rufous coloring at all ages of the under parts, and the very 
dark head and nape of the former, at once separate the two 
species. 
~The Peregrine, though it occurs throughout the district, is no- 
where common. It is also called the Duck-hawk, from its habit 
of preying on the duck tribe; so long as they (the ducks) 
remain on the water, they are safe, and the ducks seem instinct- 
