188 LAND-BIRDS AND GAME-BIRDS 
especially when flying, for they then seem almost like an ani- 
mated storm, driven before a gusty wind. 
(d). Their principal notes are a clearly piped whistle, and a 
peculiar chirr, which they often utter when on wing. Their 
song, rarely to be heard in Massachusetts, is short and simple, 
but quite sweet. 
(B) tapponicus. Lapland Longspur. Lapland Bunting. 
(Rare in Massachusetts, where it is present in the winter- 
season only; ‘‘common on the Ipswich Sand-hills.” ) 
(a). 6-63 inches long. 4, in the breeding-season, with the 
crown, forehead, sides of the head, throat, and upper breast, 
continuously black. Superciliary line, whitish, continuing down 
the side of the chestnut-red patch on the back of the neck. 
Interscapulars, dark brown or blackish, with lighter edges. 
Lower breast and belly, whitish; the former more or less 
streaked. Wings and tail dusky; the former marked with 
bay (and white), the latter with conspicuous white patches. 
&, in winter, with the black interrupted and the chestnut-red 
less pure. @, with the throat much like the breast, crown 
like the back, and the chestnut almost wanting. 
(b). Inegegs from Anderson River, ‘* where distinctly visible, 
the ground-color appears to be of yellowish-gray, * * *. The 
blotches are of various shades of brown, with shadings of olive, 
purple, or red, and at times almost black.” ‘They measure 
*80 X ‘60 of an inch.” 
(c). The ‘‘Longspurs,” as their name indicates, have re- 
markably long hind-claws, such as also belong to the Snow 
Buntings, to whom they are as closely allied by habits and 
notes as otherwise. They are still more northern in their range 
than those birds, and pass the summer in Arctic countries 
only. Brehm says, from his own observations at this season 
in the extreme North of Europe, that they may be found 
among the birch-woods there, where they often perch upon the 
trees, feed much upon the gnats which swarm in the toondras, 
and sing only when on the wing, often hovering like the Lark 
when doing so, whereas the Snow Buntings usually perch on 
