418 APPENDIX. 
already given, there is apparently evidence that our summer- 
residents may have formerly arrived and laid their eggs some- 
what earlier than they do now. 
In July, singing is much less constant than in May or June, 
decreasing as summer advances, though occasionally heard in 
autumn (chiefly from the finches), and rarely in winter (from 
the Song and Tree Sparrows). 
§ VIII. Aveust. 
During this month, many birds leave their summer-haunts, 
and even become gregarious, and some journey to the southward, 
as is occasionally observable even in the latter part of July. 
The Goldfinches, however, sometimes lay their first set of eggs 
after July, during which month many other birds have their 
second or even third broods. 
§ IX. SEPTEMBER. 
During this month, the (smaller) hawks are often abundant, 
many migrating, but the migrations of our birds of prey 
cannot be easily determined as regards the dates. The Balti- 
more Orioles, Bobolinks, Chimney Swifts, cuckoos, flycatchers 
(except the Pewees and occasionally the Great Crested Fly- 
catchers), Henslow’s Buntings, House Wrens, Hummingbirds, 
Indigo Birds, Rose-breasted Grosbeaks, swallows (of whom 
some go in August), Tanagers, vireos, warblers (or most of 
them: see October), Wilson’s Thrushes, and Yellow-winged 
Sparrows finally disappear, many occurring as migrants. Some 
are to be seen only in the first week, but others may occur up 
to late dates, as the Black-throated Blue Warblers (30th), 
Golden-crowned ‘‘ Thrushes” (26th), Hummingbirds (23rd), 
and White-bellied Swallows (28th). The Red-winged Black- 
birds generally leave the meadows, and associate in the grain 
and stubble-fields, etc.; the Wild Pigeons appear in large 
flocks ; and a majority of birds are gregarious, particularly the 
White-bellied Swallows, who, previous to their departure, often 
gather ‘‘upon the salt marshes” ‘ literally by millions.” Even 
hawks occasionally travel in companies. In September, White- 
throated Sparrows and other birds appear from the North. 
Nore. It has generally been in autumn that accidental 
stragglers, whose usual habitat is more than a thousand miles 
away, have occurred in Massachusetts. 
§ X. OcTOBER. 
During this month, the “ Black-poll” Warblers, Brown Creep- 
ers, Golden-crowned ‘‘ Wrens,” nuthatches, Ruby-crowned 
