APPENDIX. 439 
E. Coloration peculiar to young birds, or to mature birds in 
the winter-season. 
Young birds are so called from the time of first being fully 
feathered until the acquirement of all the characteristics of 
maturity. They are for the most part more or less distinct 
from their parents in general appearance, though often closely 
alike among themselves in different species. But, since they 
are known on attaining their full growth, but before attaining 
their full coloration, often to be larger than their parents 
(owing to their long feathers), they in some cases, particularly 
among the hawks, seem mature before being so. 
Young birds may be classified in three divisions. 
(1). Those with the male-parents strikingly different from 
the females, as in the Scarlet Tanagers, or Orchard Orioles. 
These at first resemble the females, but afterwards, if males, 
assume gradually, but often slowly, the characteristic colora- 
tion of their sex, and in this way sometimes pass through con- 
fusing changes. 
(2). Those differing from their parents, who are essentially 
alike, as in the Robins. 
(3). Those who essentially resemble both their parents, as 
in the Crows. 
Young birds do not generally differ from their parents, except 
in size and coloration, but those of all species with *‘ booted” 
tarsi, are said to have scutellate tarsi. (See § T of the litro- 
duction, etc.) The following is a synopsis of the Insessorian 
families. 
Turdide or thrushes (§ 1). Young easily recognized, but 
often more or less abnormally! spotted. 
Saaicolide or bluebirds (§ 2). Young essentially like the 
female ; when very young, spotted. 
Reguline, * wrens,” or “kinglets” (§ 3). Young essentially 
like the female. 2 
Paride or titmice (§ 4). Class third. 
Sittide or nuthatches (§ 5). Young like the females or less 
distinctly marked. 
Certhiide or creepers (§ 6). Class third. 
Troglodytidee or wrens (§ 7). Class third. 
Anthine or titlarks (§ 8). Class third. 
1j,e. Abnormally in respect to maturity. 
2 Young satrapa, # without crown-markings, may be known by the “ presence 
ce a Pe bristly feather overlying the nostrils; this is wanting in calendulus.” 
oues, 
