SYNOPSIS OF THE 5 
Order IV. Cramatores. — Toes, three anterior and one pos- 
terior (not versatile). Primaries always ten; the first nearly as 
long as the second. ‘Tail-feathers usually twelve. 
6. Anterior face of the tarsus in one continuous plate, or divided 
transversely into large quadrate scales. Plates on either the pos- 
terior surface of the tarsus or the sides, without subdivisions, never 
both divided together: when divided, the divisions correspond 
with the anterior ones. Larynx with peculiar complex singing 
muscles. 
Order V. Oscines. — Toes, three anterior, one posterior. 
Primaries, either nine only; or, if ten, the first usually short or 
spurious. 
B.— Hinp Tor RAISED ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE Rest. 
Order VI. Rasores. — Nostrils arched over by an incumbent 
thick, fleshy valve. Bill not longer than the head, obtuse anteri- 
orly. Nails broad, obtusely rounded. 
Order VII. Graruatores.— Legs lengthened, adapted for 
walking, naked above the knee. Nostrils naked. Thighs usually 
quite free from the body. Toes not connected by a membrane, or 
for a short distance only ; sometimes with a lobed margin. 
Order VIII. Nararores.— Adapted for swimming. Legs 
generally short. Toes united by a continuous membrane. Thighs 
mostly buried in the muscles of the body. : 
