6 TERMINOLOGY. 
Flanks or sides of body are the parts approximately covered by 
the closed wing. 
Axillaries are the lengthened feathers springing from the axilla 
or region beneath the base of the wing. 
Supplementary bristles or hairs are those springing from the side 
of the forehead in front of the rictal bristles. 
Nasal bristles or hairs are those springing from the front of the 
forehead and covering the nostrils. 
The measurements in this work are invariably in millimetres, and 
are taken thus :— 
Length.—The distance from the tip of the bill to the tip of the 
Jongest tail-feather, unless otherwise stated. 
Lail.—The distance from the root of the tail, generally indicated 
both in the fresh and dried state by the presence of a 
piece of flesh on the underside, to the tip of the longest 
feather. 
Wing.—The greatest distance from the bend of the wing to 
the tip of the longest primary, measured straight. When 
the wing is curved, it is flattened out for the purpose of 
ineasurement. 
Tarsus.—The distance from the centre of articulation of the 
tarsus with the tibia to the base of the middle toe. 
Culmen.--~The distance in a straight line from the feathering 
of the forehead to the extreme tip of the beak. 
