16 PASSERES. 
b°. Nostrils bare or merely over- 
hung by hairs or plumelets. 
d". Rictal bristles always present. 
, Inner and hind toe very un- 
CTD] DORAL. . doe nee ana Sittidee. 
rae and hind toe equal. 
. Wing rounded, tarsus long 
and. SONOUG Poe: tia falaikeor> as Timaliide. 
b°. Wing more > pointed, tarsus 
less strong and long .... Pycnonotide. 
e. Rictal bristles absent. 
ce, Tail-feathersstiffand pointed. Certhiidee. 
d*, 'Tail-featherssottandrounded. Troglodytide. 
Plumage of nestling mottled or 
squamated. 
c°, Nostrils not covered by any hairs. 
us Rictal bristles absent ........ Cinclide. 
Rictal bristles present .... , Turdide. 
a. ee more or less covered by 
NVSUES Moeta eee te eee Meroe Lec oe Muscicapide. 
Pearce of nestling cross- barred. 
aa olded wings not ‘reaching beyond 
middle of tail. 
kh’, Shafts of rump-feathers soft .. Laniide. 
a, Shafts of rump-feathers spinous. Campephagide., 
f°. Folded wings reaching to tip of 
Teta ae racy tens eaters ate cactehe acieions Artamide. 
d5, Plumage of nestling spotted with 
WANTS iusres, suciremecne eae: Me oneute seaune re Dicruride. 
e. Plumage of nestling like the adults, 
but brighter RAV Mit reaeie sities Sylviide. 
. Plumage of nestling like the adults, 
but p: BlGne ete te ead on Regulide. 
y . Plumage of nestling streaked. 
g°. Rictal bristles present. 
7’, Nostrils covered with hairs ., Irenide. 
k*, Nostrils quite exposed. 
e*. First primary at least half 
length of second ........ Oriolide. 
f°. First primary less than half 
SECOMG. toe. te cat ean toes : Bulabetide. 
h®, Without rictal bristles ........ Sturnide. 
14, Nostrils pierced, partly within line of 
forehead and nearer culmen than 
COUMUNSSUTOM oer et emery teeta eis) os Ploceide. 
b*, Wing with nine primaries, the 10th 
obsolete. 
ct, Bill conical, pointed and entire, the 
longest secondaries reaching to a 
point midway between the middle 
nd COM Ol GWAN Se ry cae astueateises is. Ses Fringillide. 
d*, Bill long, slender and notched, the 
longest secondaries reaching almost 
to tip OF MIN? sae ee . Motacillide. 
e', Billflat, broad and notched, the longest 
secondaries reaching to the middle 
OVS ALT ale Aas cera eRe eee ae Hirundinidz, 
