28 CORVIDE. 
Habits. Normally the Jungle-Crow is, as its name implies, a 
bird of the forests and jungles rather than of cities and civiliza- 
tion : at the same time this particular race has taken to emulating 
the Indian House-Crow in haunting the abodes of men and, even 
where it still keeps to the jungles, generally selects places within 
easy distance of some village, possibly for the sake of the food it 
is able to scavenge from it. It is not nearly so gregarious as 
the House-Crow, and, except in the towns, each pair has its own 
special territory, from which it excludes all others of its own kind. 
6) Corvus coronoides culminatus. 
Tuer Sourwrern JuNGLE-CRow. 
Corvus culminatus Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832 2, p- 96 (Deeean), 
Corvus macrorhynchus. Blant. & Oates, ellie 
Vernacular names. Dheri-kawa (Hind. South); Aaki (Telegu) ; 
Kadu-Kaka (Tel. Travancore) ; Kaka (Tamil); Goyeganma Kaka 
(Ceylon). 
Description. Only differs from the previous bird in being 
smaller, with generally a smaller, more slender bill and in having 
the bases to the feathers nearly always dark in the adult as in the 
young. 
Colours of soft parts as in /evaillanti. 
Measurements. Wing from 272 to 305 mm., in one case 
only 319 (possibly a wanderer), and averaging about 291 mm. 
Culmen about 55 to 56 mm. 
Distribution. India in the Madras Presidency southwards, 
the Deccan and south through Malabar and Travancore to the 
south of Ceylon. 
Nidification. In the northern portion of its habitat this Crow 
breeds in December to February, but in Ceylon it breeds in June 
and July, though possibly in other months also. The nest is 
similar to that of the Common Indian Jungle-Crow, but the 
60 eggs available for measurement average only 38:0 x 281 mm. 
in colour they seem to be richer and darker than those of the 
northern bird and to be of a stouter, shorter oval. 
~. Habits. Similar to those of the other races, but it is perhaps 
more really a jungle bird than is levailianti. In Ceylon it is said 
(Wait) to keep much to the coastal areas, which are well forested. 
(7) Corvus coronoides intermedius. 
Tur HIMALAYAN JUNGLE-CROW. 
Corvus intermedius Adams, P. Z. S., 1859, p. 171 (Kashmir). 
Corvus macrorhynchus. Blanf. & Oates, i, p. 17. 
Vernacular names. Ulakpho (Lepcha); Ulak (Bhutea). 
Description. A very large bird with a bill little if anything 
