TROCHALOPTERUM. 163 
Key to Subspecies. 
A. Back and breast with large black round 
spots. 
a. No conspicuous grey supercilium. 
a’, Ear-coverts chestnut, tipped black Ip. 163. 
and -wihite eeu amen eu atts T. e. erythrocephalum, 
b'. Kar-coverts black, edged pinkish 
Whitest achat ee Sake chs dk Sees T.. e. nigrimentum, p. 164. 
c'. Ear-coverts chestnut like the crown. Te. erythrolema, p. 164, 
6. A conspicuons grey supercilium. 
a’. Har-covertschesinut. 20. .0.. 5... T. e. godwini, p. 165. 
e’. Ear-coverts grey with black shaft- 
Siripese ls werden o 5% Marhiateiae. T. e. woodt, p. 166, 
B. Back and breast with brown oval spots.. Te. chryscpterum, p. 166. 
‘C. No spots on back or breast. 
e. Chin and throat only rufous.......... T. e. melanostigma, p. 167. 
d, Chin, throat and breast rufous ...... T. e. ramsayt, p. 168. 
(148) Trochalopterum erythrocephalum erythrocephalum, 
THe Rep-HEADED LAUGHING-THRUSH. 
Cinclosoma erythrocephalum Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 171 (Hima- 
layas, Chamba). 
Trochalopterum erythrocephalum. Blanf. & Oates, i, p. 89. 
Vernacular names. None recorded. 
Description. Forehead, crown and nape chestnut ; ear-coverts 
chestnut, each feather blackish near the tip and edged with white ; 
Jores, chin and upper throat black, with a chocolate tinge; cheeks 
mingled chestnut and black ; mantle and sides of neck olive-brown, 
each feather with a semicircular black mark near the end, lower 
back plain olive-brown; rump and upper tail-coverts slaty-grey ; tail 
ashy, suffused with golden yellow on the outer webs; wing- 
coverts olive-brown, the greater broadly tipped with deep ferru- 
ginous; primary-coverts and winglet yellow on the outer webs, 
‘ashy on the inner; outer webs of primaries and outer secondaries 
bright golden yellow; inner secondaries and tips of outer ashy- 
blue; the base of the outer webs of the outer secondaries golden 
red; lower plumage pale fulvous, washed with olivaceous on the 
‘sides of the body and under tail-coverts, each feather of the throat 
and breast with a narrow crescentic black bar near the end and 
tipped with fulvous white. : 
Colours of soft parts. Iris grey-brown or yellow-brown; Dill 
black ; legs and feet pale yellowish- or fleshy-brown or light 
brown. 
Measurements. Length about 280mm. ; wing 102 to 105mm.: 
tail about 120 to 125 mm. ; tarsus 37 to 38 mm. ; culmen about 20 to 
22 mm. 
Distribution. The Himalayas from Chamba to Nepal. 
Nidification. This Laughing-Thrush breeds in May and June at 
heights from 4,000 to 7,000 feet or more, making the usual cup- 
M 2 
