TROCHALOPTERUM. ee. 
Trochalopterum variegatum. 
Key to Subspecies. 
A. Outer webs of primaries and part of tail 
VOULOW iter ected: recited cre a8 <<! Son] T.v. varvegatum, p. 175. 
B. Outer webs of primaries and part of tail 
SIE VELNUE) Aig 4 Ae on eb Os Ob CO OOO T. v. simile, p. 174. 
(162) Trochalopterum variegatum variegatum. 
THe Eastern VARIEGATED LAUGHING-THRUSH. 
Cinclosoma variegatum Vigors, P. Z. 8., 1831, p. 56 (Himalayas,. 
Ki. Nepal). 
Trochalopterum variegatum. Blanf. & Oates, i, p. 95. 
Vernacular names. Ganza (Nepalese). 
Description. Forehead fulvous; crown and nape ashy-brown ; 
feathers of eyelid and a spot behind the eye white; lores and a 
line over and below the eye to the ear-coverts black ; ear-coverts 
white with a black patch; chin and upper throat black; cheeks 
fulvous, meeting round the black throat; sides of neck and whole 
upper plumage olive-brown ; wing-coverts the same, the greater 
broadly edged with rufous; winglet and primary-coverts black ; 
the inner webs of the inner secondaries black, the outer grey 
tipped with white; outer webs of other quills bright golden- 
yellow tinged with rufous and tipped with white; a large black 
patch on the outer secondaries ; the middle four pairs of tail- 
teathers black on three parts of their length, then ashy-yellow 
and tipped with white, the other feathers ashy-yellow on the inner 
webs, olive-yellow on the outer and tipped white; breast and 
sides of the body fulvescent ashy-brown; remainder of lower 
plumage bright tawny-buff. 
Colours of soft parts. Bill black ; legs and feet pale reddish 
orange-brown; iris pale yellow-green, brown, raw sienna-brown, 
pale yellowish brown (Hume), 
Measurements. Length about 280 to 290 mm.; wing 102 to 
1i2 mm.; tail about 130 mm.: tarsus about 88 mm.; culmen 
about 20 mm. 
Distribution. Himalayas from Chamba to Nepal. 
Nidification. This Laughing-Thrush breeds from Simla to. 
Nepal in April, May and June at elevations between 4,000 and 
8,000 feet. The nest is a bulky cup made principally of grass 
with a few roots, dead leaves, etc., mingled with it. Sometimes 
there is no lining, but at other times there are a few roots and 
grass stems. It is placed in low bushes and small trees at any 
height above the ground from a few inches to 10 feet. The eggs 
generally number three, sometimes four and very rarely tive. 
They are a pale, rather dull blue in colour, freckled and spotted 
with different shades of reddish brown, and are not nearly such. 
