IOLE, 403 
white shafts; the upper tail-coverts are margined with olive- 
green; greater coverts, wings and tail dark how the wing- 
quills edged with olive-green, the tail-feathers edged with greenish 
and tipped below with pale ochraceous; chin and throat w hite ; 
breast and sides of the neck ashy-brown, with white shaft-streaks ; 
sides of the body brown, with fainter shaft-streaks ; abdomen and 
vent brownish white ; thighs and under tail-coverts ochraceous ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries ochraceous brown, 
Colours of soft parts. Legs and feet dark horny-brown or 
black ; bill black; iris pale or litharge-red (Hume g° Davison), 
Measurements. Total length 265 to 275mm.; wing 115 to 
123 mm.; tail about 95 to 100 mm.; tarsus about 25 to 28mm.; 
culmen about 18 to 19 mm. 
Distribution. Peninsular Burma and Siam throughout the Malay 
Peninsula to Sumatra, Java and Borneo... This bird does not 
occur in Cey!on and its typical locality must therefore be restricted 
to Java (Stuart Baker, Journal B. N. H.S8., xxvii, p. 470, 1921). 
Nidification. Mr. J. Darling took the nest of this Bulbul at 
Kossum on the 2nd July. In appearance it was ‘of the 
ordinary Bulbul type but much bigger.” It was made of fern, 
grass and moss roots and a long piece of a trailing orchid, about 
3 feet long, wound round and round. It was placed in a high 
bush, 10 feet from the ground and in a very exposed position, 
The eggs, two in number, are much lke those of J/eroscelis and 
measure about 26°0 x 18: 5 mm. 
Habits, This Bulbul is a bird of the plains, being found in open 
country and not in forest or heavy jungle. Davison records that 
it is found in small parties of four or five to eight or nine birds. 
“Tt is very garrulous and keeps up a continuous chatter but it 
also has a sone which is particularly rich and powerful.” In 
Mergui he found the Yellow-crowned Bulbul frequenting gardens. 
Its food consists of perries and insects and it may often be seen 
hopping about on the ground in search of the latter. 
Genus IOLE Blyth, 1844. 
The genus /ole is not marked by any very striking characteristic 
beyond the sharp carination of the upper mandible. In many 
respects it is intermediate between Hemiavus and Pycnonotus but 
differs from both in the point above noted. 
In Jole the feathers of the crown are slightly lengthened but 
they do not form a crest. The bill is about three-quarters the 
Jength of the head and when viewed laterally is of much the same 
shape as that of Hemixus (fig. 75, p. 875). The nuchal hairs 
are short. In Jole there are generally numerous hairs springing 
from the back but in Jole nicobariensis these hairs are very incon- 
spicuous and on this account Blyth proposed the generic name 
Ivocincla for this species, and if it is retained the specific name 
would then be virescens Blyth. If, however, a careful examination 
2p2 
