CERTHIA. 429 
The young are coloured like the adult but have signs of cross- 
bars on the lower plumage, especially on the sides of the breast 
and flanks, and are somewhat paler and duller. 
In Certhia the bill is as long, or nearly as long, as the head, 
slender and curved downwards. The nostrils are long, narrow 
slits. The tarsus is scutellated and the toes and claws are 
extremely long. 
Fig. 83.—Ffoot of Certhia. 
The wing is rounded, the first primary being about half the 
length of the second, and the third a little shorter than the second. 
The tail and wing about equal in length and the former is com- 
posed of twelve very stiff pointed feathers and greatly graduated. 
Key to Species. 
we Parl distinctly cross-barred 0.0.5. ccees 3 C. himalayana, p. 429. 
Bb. Tail without bars or with only faint ones. 
a. Chin, throat and breast white; under tail- 
COWES THINOWE 6 606055 cannons oO bin em. C. familiaris, p. 432. 
b. Whole lower plumage earthy-brown ....  C. discolor, p. 435. 
c. Chin and throat white, remainder of lower 
plumage deep ferruginous .......... .. C. stoliezka, p. 438. 
Certhia himalayana. 
Certhia himalayana is represented in India by four well-marked 
races, and is found from Baluchistan and Afghanistan to Yunnan 
and the Shan States. It is easily distinguished from all other 
forms of Tree-Creeper by its boldly barred tail. 
Key to Subspecies. 
A. Upper plumage blackish brown, strongly 
suffused with ferruginous on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts. 
a, Darker above ; abdomen and flanks pale 
smoky-brown tinged with fulvous .. C.h. himalayana, p. 430. 
6. Paler above; abdomen and flanks pale 
smoly-brown with no tinge of fulvous. C.h. teniura, p. 431. 
B. Upper plumage very dark, slightly tinged 
WLM BULGES! OM! FUT soa alerts ane oes C. h. intermedia, p. 432. 
C. Upper plumage with no tinge of rufous.. C. h. yunnanensis, p. 432. 
