- 
dD 
from a spot 2 inches below the surface of the pile where the larve had 
congregated in immense numbers. The different stages of the insect 
are well illustrated in figure 1 and need no description. 
REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES. 
A careful screening of windows and doors during the summer months, 
with the supplementary use of sticky fly papers. is a preventive measure 
against house flies known to everyone, and there seems to be little 
hope in the near future of much relief by doing away with the breeding 
places. A single stable in which a horse is kept will supply house flies 
for an extended neighborhood. People living in agricultural commu- 
nities will probably never be rid of the pest, but in cities, with better 
methods of disposal of garbage and with the lessening of the number 
of horses and horse stables consequent upon electric street railways, 
bicycles, and automobiles, the time may come, and before very 
Fic. 7.— Drosophila ampelophila: a, adult; b, antenna of same; ec, base of tibia and first tarsal 
joint of same; d, puparium, side view; e, puparium from above; f, full-grown larva; g, anal 
spiracles ofsame. All enlarged (author’s illustration). 
long, when window screens may be discarded. The prompt gathering 
of horse manure, which may be variously treated or kept in a specially 
prepared receptacle, would greatly abate the fly nuisance, and city ordi- 
nances compelling horse owners to follow some such course are desir- 
able. Absolute cleanliness, even under existing circumstances, will 
always result in a diminution of the numbers of the house fly, and, in 
fact, most household insects are less attracted to the premises of what 
is known as the old-fashioned housekeeper than to those of the other 
kind. 
During the summer of 1897 a series of experiments was carried out 
with the intention of showing whether it would be possible to treat a 
manure pile in such a way as to stop the breeding of flies. The writer’s 
experience with the use of air-slaked lime on cow manure to prevent 
the breeding of the horn fly suggested experimentation with different 
