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THE ANATOMY OF BIRDS.— OSTEOLOGY. 15 
it is usually quite prominent. The frontal rim of the orbit in many birds shows a crescentic 
depression (very strong in a loon and many other water birds; fig. 63, w), for lodgment of the 
supra-orbital gland, the secretion of which lubricates the nasal passages. The cerebral plate of 
the frontal is often imperfectly ossified, showing large ‘‘ windows” besides the regular openings 
for the exit of nerves which are always found at the back of the orbit. View from above, the 
frontal is vaulted and expanded behind, over the brain cavity, then pinched more or less, some- 
times extremely narrow over the orbits, then usually somewhat expanded again at the fronto- 
facial suture. The extent of the frontal between the orbits and face, in the lacrymal region, 
is very great in the duck family, as seen in fig. 63. 
The Squamosal (Lat. squama, a seale; figs. 70, 71, sq.) bounds the brain-box laterally, 
between occipital, parietal, frontal and sphenoidal bones, its distinction from all of these being 
obliterated in adult life. It is situated near the lower back lateral corner of the skull, forming 
some part of the cranial wall just over the ear-opening, and a strong eaves for that orifice. It 
is firmly united also to the bones of the ear proper, and receives the larger share of the free 
articulation which the quadrate has with the skull. It often develops a strong forward-down- 
ward spur, the squamosal process (fig. 62), looking like a duplicate post-frontal process ; 
between these two is the crotaphyte depression, corresponding to the ‘temporal fossa ” of man, 
in which lie the museles which close the jaws. It scarcely or not enters iuto the orbit, the 
adjacent part of the orbit being alisphenoidal. 
The Periotic Bones (Gr. mepi, peri, about; ods, eros, ows, otus, the ear; fig. 70) are 
those that form the petrosal bone (Lat. petrosus, rocky. from their hardness), or bony periotic 
capsule, containing the essential organ of hearing. When united with each other and with the 
squamosal, they form the very composite and illogical bone called ‘‘ temporal” in human anat- 
omy. There are three of these otic bones, — an anterior, the pro-otic; a posterior and inferior, 
the opisthotic (Gr. ome, opisthe, behind) aud a superior and external, the epiotic. They can 
only be studied in young skulls, upon careful dissection ; they do not appear upon the outside 
of the skull at all, excepting a small piece of the opisthotic, which there fuses indistinguishably 
with the exoccipital. But somewhat of these bones are seen on looking into the cavity of the 
outer ear, and if the fenestra ovalis can be recognized, it determines a part of the boundary 
between the prodtic and opisthotic bones, while the feuestra rotunda lies wholly in the latter. 
The cavity of the periotic bone is hollowed for the labyrinth of the internal ear, including the 
cochlea, which contains the essential nervous organs of hearing, and the three semicireular canals 
—so much of them as does not invade surrounding bones. In the young fowl’s skull viewed 
internally (fig. 70), Parker figures a very large prodtic portion (po) of the periotic, perforated 
by the internal auditory meatus (7) for the entrance from the brain of the auditory nerve : below 
and behind the proétie a small opisthotic (op), in relation with the exoccipital, upon the surface 
of which it also appears, outside (fig. 69, at psc), and with which it blends; avery small epiotic 
centre (ep), between the proédtic and supraoccipital; and the anterior semicircular canal (asc) 
embedded in the latter. In Dr. Shufeldt’s figure the otie elements are merely noted diagram- 
matically. According to Huxley’s generalization, the epiotic is in special relation with the pos- 
terior semicircular canal; the proétie with the anterior vertical canal, between which and the 
foramen ovale (5) for the lower divisions of the trifacial nerve it lies. That part on which the 
inner foot of the quadrate is implanted is proétic. Below the drooping eaves of the squamosal, 
“before the flaring wing of the exoccipital, and behind the quadrate bone, is the always decided 
and considerable cavity of the ear, bounded pretty sharply by the squamosal and exoccipital rim, 
fore properly a post-frontal bone. Or, again, that it may have nothing to do with the frontal bone, but belong to 
the alisphenoid, as a process of the latter or a separate ossification; in which case it would be properly the sphe- 
notic, In no event has it anything to do with the sguamosal process lettered as such in fig. 62. 
