230 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. 
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ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND SUBORDERS. 
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¥. TOES 332in front;i behind . ... . +; o 6 6 © 6 eo wt ew e « 6Pitiformes of PICARLA 444 
II. Tors 3; 3in front. Toes — cleft or seninalvanie EUS ME se Se Vo: 4. sek peu len lee ih nie lok sPucyh ope LET OO ECE DOG 
— palmate. Nostrils—tubular. ........ . . .DLONGIPENNES 732 
—nottabular ... 2. 6 3 3. ss 6S PY@OPODES 787 
III. Tors 4; 2infront,2 behind. Bill—ceredandhooked. .... 8 . . . Psirraocr 494 
— neither cered nor hooked. Tail ieaghare — g or ‘10 
Cuculiformes of PICARIm 444 
—12 Piciformes of PICcARIa 444 
IV. Toes 4; 3in front, 1 behind. 
Toes —syndactyle.. . A OR eR a rice Ate DE Boel TCs of PICARILA 444 
— totipalmate (all a full-webbed) Skis’ see wy tere) gat oY Gen a, ie oo EO LEG ANOPODHAT IG 
—palmate. Bill—curvedup .. .- Ser ee ie iy loge te) Ccritr Vem ie Seen OME) Oa OSE 
— not curved up — Taverns ol sl affil @. t (eh Sant Dar rnTReSsTERRS GTR 
—notlamellate. Hallux—lobate . .. . . PYGOPODES 787 
. —notlobate. . LONGIPENNES 732 
—lobate. Tail—rudimentary. . . Sie! (elie, roms 4s, 6, ep ch ooh ee MOOPODESEIAG 
— perfect. — A horny frontal shield oe oe 6 ee Sl US CS ADECTORIDES 665 
— No frontal shield... S55.) « 26 ste wm el fe Jit. 62 JETT COT 96 
— semipalmate; joined by evident movable basal web (go to A), 
— cleft to the base or there immovably coherent (go to B). 
A. Hind toe — elevated. Tibise — feathered below. Nostrils— perforate. . . Cathartides of RAPTORES 496 
— imperforate. Gape — reaching below eye 
Cypseliformes of PICARIA 444 
— not reaching below eye 
GALLINZ 571 
—naked below. Nostrils—perforate ... . . . . . ALECTORIDES 665 
— imperforate. Tarsi — : sentellate 4 in front 
LIMIcoL® 596 
—reticulate. Head — bald 
HERODIONES 647 
— feathered 
LIMICOL 596 
— not elevated. Tibis —naked below . . ° - . . + HERODIONES 647 
— feathered below. Bill eed anid caked fo 2 on 2s SRAPTORHS 496 
—notcered. Nasal— membrane soft COLUMBz 561 
—sealehard . GALLIN# 571 
B. Hind toe — elevated. Gape— reaching beloweye. . . . . . . . Cypseliformes of PICARIZ 444 
— not below eye. ist primary — nares orabout=2d . . LIMIcoL# 596 
— not emarginate and shorter than 2d 
ALECTORIDES 665 
— not elevated. Nostrils — opening beneath soft swollen membrane . . . + . . COLUMBa 561 
— otherwise. Bill—ceredand hooked . ... . . . RAPTORES 496 
— otherwise. Secondaries — only six 
; Cypseliformes of PICARLA 444 
— more than six (go to a). 
a. Primaries — 10; 1st more than 3as long asthe longest . .. . .. . =. + Clamatores of 
F PASSERES 238 
— 10; 1st not 3 as long as the longest ; See ge eee nt eth OSGEnES Gr 
OA Rea sy Sn Se A ec menial } 
