ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. 231 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. 
Page 
TOES 3;—2.IN BRONT, 1! BEHIND. . ~~ = © s+ s + 5 © % 5 © 9 4 7 2 6 6 5 © © © Piocip= 477 
TOES 3,—3 IN FRONT. (GotoIL.) . 
TOES 4,—2 IN FRONT, 2 BEHIND. (Go to ITI.) 
TOES 4, —3 IN FRONT, 1 BEHIND. (Go to IV.) 
II, [Tors 3, — 3 1n FRONT.] 
Toes — completely webbed. Nostrils — tubular (Albatrosses). . . ..-... . . . .PROCELLARIIDE 173 
— not tubular (Auks, &c.)... . Re) ee ee A OLD AML Lod 
— incompletely or not webbed. Legs — aboutas long as wings. Billsubulate (Stilt) RECURVIROSTRID 609 
— much shorter than wings (go to a). 
(a) Tarsus — scutellate in front, about as long as bill(Sanderling) . . .....-. . ScoLOPACID 614 
— reticulate in front — shorter than red chisel-like bill (Oyster-catcher). HaMATOPODIDa 606 
— longer than bill(Plovers) ....... . . +» CHARADRIIDE 597 
% III. [Tors 4,— 2 1n Front, 2 BEHIND.] 
Bill — cered and strongly hooked. Tarsus granulated (Parrot) . . are monte PsITTACIDZ 496 
— not cered; inner hind toe — 3-jointed; Plumage iridescent (Lrogon)) 652) a ves. © TROGONIDA 468 
— 2-jointed ; — tail of — 8 or 10 soft feathers (Cuckoos, &e.) . . CucuLipz 470 
—12 (apparently only 10) rigid acuminate feathers 
(Woodpeckers). . .. - PIcID# 477 
IV. [Tors 4,— 3 In FRonT, 1 BEHIND. | 
HIND TOE — INSERTED ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE REST (AND ALWAYS SHORTER THAN THE SHORTEST 
FRONT TOE). (Go to A.) 
— NOT INSERTED ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE REST (AND GENERALLY BUT NOT ALWAYS NOT 
SHORTER THAN THE SHORTEST FRONT TOE). (Go to B.) 
A. [The hind toe elevated.| 
Feet — TOTIPALMATE (all 4 toes webbed ; hind toe semi-lateral and barely elevated). (Goto A.) 
— PALMATE (3,front toes full-webbed, hind toe well up, simple or lobed or connected by slight webbing to 
base only of inner toe). (Go to B.) 
— LOBATE (3 front toes partly webbed or not, and conspicuously bordered with plain or scalloped mem- 
branes ; hind toe free, and simple or lobed). (Go to C.) 
— SEMIPALMATE (2, or 3, front toes webbed at base only by small yet evident membrane : hind toe well up, 
simple). (Goto D.) 
— SIMPLE ( front toes with no evident membranes ; hind toe well up, simple). (Go to E.) 
(A.) Tarsus — feathered, partly ; tail deeply forked; bill epignathous (Frigate-bird). .. . TACHYPETID 730 
— naked; bill — > tail, hooked at tip, furnished with enormous pouch (Pelicans) PELECANID 721 
— < tail; throat — feathered; middle tail feathers filamentous (Tropic-birds) 
PHAETHONTIDZ 731 
— naked; tail — pointed, soft; tomia subserrate(Gannets) SULIDZ 720 
—rounded, stiff; bill — paragnathous (Anhinga) 
PLOTIDZ 729 
— epignathous (Cormorants) 
PHALACROCORACID 7123 
