232 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. 
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(B.) Bill — curved up, extremely slender and acute ae «ee © © ee «@ + 6s REGURVIROSTEID 2: 609 
— bent abruptly down, very stout, lamellate (Flamingo) . . . . . . PHG@NICOPTERID 678 
— lamellate; mostly membranous, with nail at end (Swans, Gente, Ducks, &.) . . . . ANATIDA 679 
— not lamellate; nostrils — tubular; hind toe very small (Petrels) . . . . . . PROCELLARIID 773 
— not tubular; hind toe — free, not lobed (Gulls and Terns). . Larip& 733 
— not free, lobed(Loons). . . . . CoLYMBID 789 
(C.) Tail — rudimentary; lores naked (Grebes). . . a fs ean t pete) arene ODIGIPE DID At haa 
— perfect; forehead — covered with a horny shield (Coots) © lene smiley Oop de elas ans Beton (ER AU EE TID AM OOS 
— feathered (Phalaropes). . . . « « « « »PHALAROPODIDZ 612 
(D.) Mid-claw — pectinate; 4th toe 4-jointed; plumage lax (comiauekerny: . ee + « « CAPRMIULGIDZE 447 
— not pectinate; hind toe — versatile; plumage compact (Swifts) . . . . . . CYPSELIDa: 455 
— not versatile; head — naked (go to b). 
— feathered (go to ¢). 
(b.) Nostrils — imperforate; naked leg and foot shorter than tail (Turkey). . . . MELEAGRIDID@ 576 
— perforate; naked leg and foot — shorter than tail (Turkey-buzzards) . CATHARTID@ 557 
— longer than tail(Cranes) . ... . . . GRUIDH 666 
(e.) Nostrils — feathered, or scaled, in deep fossa of stout hard bill. . . . . . . . TETRAONIDA 576 
— not feathered nor scaled, in groove of softish bill; tarsus — reticulate (Plover) 
e CHARADRIID 597 
— scutellate in front (Snipe, &c.) 
(E.) Wing—spurred. . . von” ns Plan te te. a ae aI a 
— not spurred ; ONpie de cael with wihoony, shield (Gallinules) o) ss ie ho tenia) | ede SEWATUIE ED 20 RGGD 
— feathered; length—2feetormore .. . . . . . ARAMIDAD 667 
— under 2 feet; 1st primary — attenuate (aaroattuedic) . . SCOLOPACIDE 614 
— not attenuate — much shorter than 2d (Rails) 
RALLIDA 669 
— about equal to 2d (Snipe, &c.) ScoLOPACIDa 614 
or HAMATOPODIDZ 606 
B. |The hind toe not elevated.] 
\TOES SYNDACTYLOUS; tibiz naked below; bill straight, acute (Kingfishers) . . . . . . . ALCEDINID® 468 
TIBI® NAKED BELOW. (Go to d.) 
NOSTRILS OPENING BENEATH SOFT SWOLLEN MEMBRANE. (Go to e.) 
BILL HOOKED AND FURNISHED WITH A CERE. (Go to f.) 
BIRDS WITHOUT THE ABOVE CHARACTERS. (Go to g.) 
(d.) Middle claw — pectinate (Herons) .... . Rin, See a Ale eA RDE LD at (6b 
— simple; tarsus — scutellate in feet (Ibises) a tke . . . ITBIDIDZ 648 
— reticulate; bill — flat, spoon- pied Spacnbill) ie PLATALEID# 651 
— not flat, stout tapering (Wood Ibis) C1coN1IIDz 652 
(e.) Bird over 18 inches long, greenish (TexanGuan). ............ . . CRACIDZ 572 
Birds under 18 inches long(Pigeons) .... . . . . . . COLUMBID 562 
(f.) EKyes — lateral, not surrounded by a disc; nostrils in ihe cere ,( Fiona Haples, &c.) . FALCONID 519 
or PANDIONID 556 
— anterior; face more or less disc-like ; nostrils at edge of cere (Owls); middle claw — simple 
STRIGIDZ 502 
— jagged 
ALUCONIDZ 500 
(g-) PRIMARIES — 10; the 1st (never spurious) always more than 3 as long as longest (go to h). 
—10; the 1st (spurious or) at most not 3 as long as longest (go to i). 
— 9; the 1st (never spurious) of variable length (go to k). 
(h.) Tail — 12-feathered ; tarsal envelope irregular (Flycatchers) .. . . « « . .LYRANNIDAD 428 
— 10-feathered; secondaries — only 6; bill subulate (Humming-birds) - . . TROCHILIDA 458 
— more than 6; bill small, very short (Swifts) . . CYPSELIDA 455 
(i.) Tarsus — “booted”; wings — shorter than tail, both much rounded; plumage very lax CHAMIDA: 262 
— longer than tail; tail—double-rounded. . . . . . . AMPELID# 325 
— not double-rounded (Thrushes, &c.) TURDID 240 
—scutellate; nostrils — concealed ; bill — strongly epignathous, toothed and notched (Shrikes) 
LANIIDZ 336 
— paragnathous; — over 7 inches long (Crows and 
days) CORVID 414 
—not7 inches; bill— nearly = head 
(Nuthatches) Sirripz 269 
— scarcely or not 
34 = head (Tits) PARID 263 
