13. 
248 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. —PASSERES — OSCINES. 
ing the yellowish or buffy suffusion seen in Painsoni, being thus like the back, or merely 
grayer ; no buff ring around eye; breast slightly if at all tinged with yellowish. Rather larger 
than swainsoni, about equalling mustelinus: length 7.50-8.00; extent 12.50-13.50; wing 
4,004.25 ; tail 3.00-8.25; bill over 0.50; average dimensions about the maxima of swainsoni. 
Distribution and nesting the same, but breeding range more northerly(?). A well-marked 
variety, perhaps a distinet species. (A local race has been described as smaller, with the bill 
usually slenderer; Catskill and White Mts.; 7. alicie bicknelli Ridgw.) 
T. u. swain/soni. (To Wm. Swainson, an English naturalist.) OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. 
& @: Above, clear olivaceous, of exactly the same shade over all the upper parts; below, 
white, strongly shaded with olive-gray on the sides and flanks, the throat, breast, and sides 
of the neck and head strongly tinged with yellowish, the fore parts, excepting the throat, 
marked with numerous large, broad, dusky spots, which extend backward on the breast and 
belly, there rather paler, and more like the olivaceous of the upper parts. Edges of eyelids 
yellowish, forming a strong buff orbital rmg; lores the same. Mouth yellow; bill blackish, 
the basal half ef lower mandible pale; iris dark brown; feet pale ashy-brown. Length of 
6, 7-00-7.5Q# extent 12.00-12.50; wing 3.75-4.00; tail 2.75-3.00; bill 0.50; tarsus 1.10. 
¢ averaging smaller; length 6.75; extent 11.50-12.00, ete. North America, N. to high 
latitudes, W. to the Rocky Mts., common; migratory ; breeds from New England northward. 
Nest in bushes and low trees, thus in situation like that of the wood thrush, but no mud 
in its composition ; eggs unlike those of mustelinus, fuscescens, and the varieties of wnalasce, 
in being freely speckled with different shades of brown ona greenish-biue ground; size 0.90 
0.66 ; number 4-5. 
2. Subfamily MIMINA: Mocking Thrushes. 
Aberrant Turdide, departing 
from the prime characteristic of 
the family in having the tarsi seu- 
tellate in front (the seutella some- 
times fusing, however, as in the 
catbird), and the Ist primary, 
though short, hardly to be called 
spurious. Wings short and round- 
ed (for this family), about equal 
to the tail only in Oroscoptes ; 2d 
primary shorter than the 6th. 
Tail large and rounded or much 
graduated, usually decidedly longer 
than the wings. Tarsus about 
equal to the middle toe and aaw ; 
feet stout, in adaptation to some- 
what terrestrial life. Bill various 
© in form, usually longer or at least 
/ more curved than in the true 
thrushes; in Harporhynchus at- 
taining extraordinary length and curvature. Birds much like overgrown wrens (with which 
they have been associated by some) ; distinguished chiefly by greater size, different nostrils 
and rictal bristles, and more deeply-cleft toes. As a group they are rather southern, hardly 
passing beyond the United States; few species reaching even the Middle States, and the max- 
imum development being in Central and South America. They are peculiar to America, 
where they are represented by Oroscoptes, Mimus, Harporhynchus, and five or six related 
Fic. 119. — Mocking-bird, about 2 nat. size. (After Wilson.) 
