195. 
196. 
568 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. — COLUMBZ — PERISTERZ.. 
livid blue. Length 12.00-12.50; extent 19.0819.50 ; wing 6.00-6.30; tail 4.25-4.50; bill 
0.60-0.70 ; tarsus 1.25-1.35; middle toe and claw rather less. @ similar. (In printing the 
Check List, the No. of this species accidentally transposed with No. 543, Hctopistes.) 
ZENAIDU'/RA. (Zenaida, nom. propr., and otpa, owra, tail.) Prx-rain Dovess. Tail long, 
about equalling wings, cuneate, of 14 narrow, tapering, obtuse-ended feathers (unique among 
N. Am. Columbide). Wings pointed; 2d primary rather longest, Ist and the 3d about equal 
and searcely shorter. Tarsus naked, scutellate in front, in length intermediate between middle 
and lateral toes; the latter of unequal lengths, the outer shortest. Bill much shorter than 
head, slender and weak, the feathers running out far between the rami. A bare cireum-orbital 
space. Velvety black spots on head and wings. Lining of wings not rufous. Sexes unlike. 
There is a curious mimiery of Hctopistes in form and even in color; but the technical characters 
are widely different. 
Z, carolinensis. (Of Carolina. Fig. 392.) CAROLINA Dove. Mournine Dove. Win Dove. 
Adult ¢: Upper parts, including middle tail-feathers, grayish-blue shaded with brownish-olive, 
the head and neck ochrey-brown overlaid with glaucous-blue, the sides of the neck glittering 
with golden and ruby iridescence; a violet- 
black spot under the ear-coverts. Under parts 
glancous-purplish, changing gradually to ochra- 
ceous on the belly and crissum, to bluish on 
the sides and under the wings, to whitish on 
the chin; the purplish tint spreading up on the 
sides and front of the head to blend with the 
glaucous-blue. Black spots on some of the 
scapulars and wing-coverts, most of which are 
colored to correspond with the back, the larger 
Fic. 392. — Carolina Dove, nat. size. (Ad nat. del, Ones being rather bluish-plumbeous. Lateral 
E.C.) tail-feathers plumbeous-bluish, crossed with a 
black bar, the outer four on each side broadly ended with white. Bill black; angle of mouth 
carmine ; iris brown; bare skin around eye livid bluish ; feet lake-red, drying dull yellowish. 
Length about 12.50: extent about 18.00; wing 5.75; tail the same, the feathers graduated for 
half its length; culmen 0.60; tarsus 0.80; middle toe and claw 1.00. 92, adult: A little 
smaller, not purplish below, the rich color replaced by grayish-brown, like the back but paler; 
head and neck with little of the glaucous blue shade, and less iridescent. Young: Like the 9; 
but at an early age the velvety-black spots and iridescence are wanting, and the general tone 
is quite gray; many feathers with whitish edging, as in the wild pigeon, with which not only 
the colors but the sexual and juvenile differences are thus closely correspondent. Temperate 
N. A., anywhere, the most widely and equably diffused of its tribe, abundant in most localities, 
in some swarming; ‘ millions” in Arizona, for example. Irregularly migratory, imperfectly 
gregarious; great numbers may be together, but scarcely in compact flocks. Terrestrial rather 
than arboreal, almost always feeding on the ground; where very numerous, they become famil- 
iar, like blackbirds in the West. Nest indifferently on the ground or in bushes; eggs 2, white, 
equal-ended, averaging 1.12 < 0.82; 2 or even 3 broods in the South. During the mating 
season, where these birds are numerous, their cooing resounds on every hand, but at other 
times they are silent. 
ZENAI/DA. (A proper name, that of Zénaide, cousin and wife of Prince C. L. Bonaparte.) 
Love Doves. Tail rounded, shorter than wings, of 12 feathers. Wings long, pointed by 
2d and 3d quills; 1st little shorter. Bill short, slender, black. Feet as in other Zenaidine ; 
tarsus intermediate in length between the middle and lateral toes; these of unequal length, 
inner a little the longer. Cireumorbital space little bare. Metallic iridescence on neck ; blue- 
black ear-spot, and others on wings. Sexes similar. (West Indian.) 
