PHALACROCORACIDA:: CORMORANTS. 27 
bronzy-gray, black-edged; quills and tail grayish-black; feet black. In summer, when 
breeding, a white flank-patch, numerous long thready white plumes scattered on head and 
neck, and a small black occipital and nuchal crest. Length 36.00; extent 60.00; wing 
12.00-14.00; tail 6.00-7.00; tarsus over 2.00; bill 3.40 along ridge, 4.00 along the gape. In 
winter no crests or white feathers on neck or flanks. Young: Bill grayish-brown, black on 
top and at tip; bare skin and sae yellow. Top of head and hind neck brownish-black ; back 
and wing-coverts brownish-gray, the feathers with dark margins, some of them also edged 
finally with whitish. Throat brownish-white, and under parts generally whitish, blackish 
along the sides, dusky under the wings and across lower belly. The naked young in the nest 
are unpleasant livid purplish objects, with protuberant bellies, and large feet; the first down is 
blackish. Eggs 3, sometimes 4, bluish-green coated with white chalky substance, 2.60 X 1.75; 
nests of sticks, moss, and seaweeds, very filthy and offensive. Atlantic Coast of Europe and 
North America; breeds in great numbers on the rocky shores of Labrador and Newfoundland ; 
S. to the Middle States in winter. 
P. dilo/phus. (Gr. dis, dis, twice; Addos, lophos, crest. Fig. 506.) DOoUBLE-CRESTED 
CorMORANT. Tail of 12 feathers. Gular sac convex behind. No colored gorget. Glossy 
Fie. 506. — Double-crested Cormorant, nat. size. (Ad nat. del. E. C.) 
greenish-black ; feathers of the back and wings coppery-gray, black-shafted, black-edged. 
Adult with curly black lateral crests in the breeding season, but few if any other filamentous 
white ones, over the eyes and along the sides of the neck; white flank-patch not observed in 
any specimens examined, probably not occurring; iris green; gular sae and lores orange. 
Wiuter spec. with bill bright yellow, blackening along culmen, gular sac red anteriorly, ochrey- 
yellow posteriorly ; legs dull black. Length 30.00-33.00 inches; extent 50.00; wing 12.00- 
13.00; tail 6.00-7.00; bill along gape 3.50; tarsus a little over 2.00. Young: Plain dark 
brown, paler or grayish (even white on the breast) below, without head-plumes. N. Am., at 
Jarge, the commonest species, the only one diffused over the interior ; eggs 3-4, 2.50 & 1.55. 
P. d. cincinna/tus. (Lat. cincinnatus, having curly hair.) WHITE-TUFTED CORMORANT. 
General character of the preceding, of which it appears to be a large northern variety. White 
lateral crests, of a superciliary bundle of long curly filamentous feathers. Larger: size of 
P. carbo. Alaska. 
P. d. florida‘nus. FLORIDA CoRMORANT. Similar to, smaller than P. dilophus. Length 
30.00 or less; extent 45.00; wing 12.00 or less; tail 6.00 or less ; tarsus a little under 2.00; 
but bill as large if not larger; gape nearly 4.00. The plumage is exactly the same. There 
are said to be certain differences in the life-colors of the bills (blue instead of yellow on under 
mandible and edges of upper— Audubon), but none show in my specimens. This is simply 
a localized southern race of dilophus, smaller in general dimensions, with relatively larger bill, 
