etc. 
Fic. 532. — A needle rock tenanted by Cormorants (p. 728, No. 757), Auks, 
ALCIDA:: T99 
AUKS. 
excavated for the purpose. Auks 
are all altrices, and are believed 
to be chiefly monogamous. The 
first covered with 
long soft woolly down; 
at 
young are 
rarely 
stiffish hairs appear on some parts. 
The moult is double. The young 
of the year usually differ from the 
adults ; the latter usually differ in 
their summer and winter plumages. 
A very prevalent feature is the 
possession of crests or plumes, or 
elongated feathers of a peculiar 
shape on the sides of the head. 
All the species walk badly; 
all. 
The position of the legs with 
reference to the axis of the 
body necessitates an upright 
The 
birds appear to rest on their 
some scarcely walk at 
position when standing. 
rumps, with the feet extended 
horizontally before them, most 
of the tarsus touching the 
The Puftins, how- 
ever, and a few others, stand 
All the 
species but one fly well, with 
ground. 
well on their feet. 
rapid vigorous motion of the 
wings, in a straight, firm, 
All 
progress the 
water with the utmost facility. 
They are very silent birds; 
well-sustained course. 
on or under 
the voice is rough and harsh ; 
the 
They feed exclusively upon 
animal substances procured 
notes are monotoned. 
(Designed by H. W. Elliott. From Harper Brothers.) 
. from the water. 
The family is divisible into two subfamilies according to the feathering of the nostrils 
and other characters. 
Analysis of Subfamilies and Genera 
Bill of variable shape, always compressed, 
Head nearly always crested. 
PHALERIDIN#/. Nostrils naked, remote from feathers. 
higher than wide, as far as known appendaged with deciduous elements. 
No great seasonal changes of plumage. 
Eyelids with deciduous appendages. No crests. Bill extremely high and thin; culmen with one 
curve; both mandibles grooved. A rosette at angle of mouth. Covering of bill moulted in 7-9 
pieces. Inner lateral claw enlarged. Tarsus scutellate in front aps yatd . Fratercula 
Eyelids simple. Long lateral crests. Bill extremely high and thin; culmen with two curves; upper 
mandible grooved, under smooth. A rosette at angle of mouth. Covering of bill moulted in 7 pieces 
Inner lateral claw enlarged. Tarsus scutellate in front , i dear cas Ae ; Lunda 
Eyelids simple. Lateral crests. Bill with a deciduous horn at base of upper mandible. No rosette. 
337 
338 
