8 



and second segments (fig. 2, &) and a pair on the sloping surface of 

 the caudal segment. The spiracles on the cephalic end have funnel- 

 shaped mouths, the funnel being bordered with a double row of about 

 20 iDrojections. The caudal spiracles each show 3 transverse slit-like 

 openings and 4 groups of bristles. (See fig. 2, c.) 



Pupa. — The pupa is a small, barrel-shaped structure, pale yellow- 

 ish-brown in color, measuring about 4.2 to 5.2 mm. in length, with a 

 width of from 2 to 2.6 mm. The larva in pupating does not shed its 

 skin, but simply contracts, assuming an oval form, causing the 

 cephalic spiracles to project in front as tubercles. Although the cau- 

 dal end also shrinks, the spiracles are still visible, as are also the body 

 segments of the larva. The true pupa is formed within the larval 

 skin. (See fig. 1, d.) 



Adult. — The parent of the apple maggot is a two-winged fly (fig. 

 1, a), somewhat smaller than the house fly, of a general black color, 

 with yellow^ish head and legs, greenish eyes, and dark feet. In the 

 male there are 3, and in the female 4 white bands across the abdomen. 

 Across the wings of both sexes are 4 black bands as shown in the fig- 

 ure. The females are from 5 to 6 mm. in length, with a spread of 

 wings of about 12.15 mm. The males are somewhat smaller. 



LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS." 



There is but one generation of the apple maggot each year, though 

 the occurrence of maggots in the fruit during the summer and 

 autumn, due to the great irregularity in time of appearance of the 

 flies, is calculated to mislead those not familiar with the insect's life 

 history. The time and appearance of the adults is thought to be 

 influenced by the date of the ripening of the fruit which they in- 

 fested the previous season, though this supposition has not been 

 established. During an ordinary season in Maine, the flies will 

 begin to appear and will be ovipositing about July 1, and earlier in 

 the States to the south. By the middle of July, in Rhode Island, 

 during an average season, as stated by Profs. F. ^Y. Card and A. E. 

 Stene, early varieties subject to attack will show many of the egg 

 punctures of the females. 



Flies have lived in confinement for three weeks, and out of doors 

 the period is doubtless somewhat longer. The female makes punc- 

 tures through the skin of the apple by means of her sharp ovipositor 

 (fig. 2, d), inserting the eggs singly into the flesh in a vertical posi- 

 tion. Oviposition may occur on any part of the fruit, though mostly 

 on the side and especially on the paler portions, where the apj^le has 



"The apple maggot was carefully investigated in Maine by the late Professor 

 Harvey, and his Report (1. c.) has been largely the basis of the present article. 

 [Cir. 101] 



