dD 
tree 6 inches in diameter Southwick observed as many as six larve, 
any one of which would have been able to destroy the tree if not re- 
moved. Mr. A. Hufnal wrote that in maple trees which this species 
was infesting at Ocean Grove, N. J., there was an average of from 
six to eight borers to a tree and that he had found from ten to fifteen, 
and in one instance as high as thirty-four, in a single tree. By the 
time the larve within have attained full growth infested limbs of a 
certain size are likely to break off, especially during or after a severe 
storm, for the full-grown larva in many cases girdles the branch. 
The manner of girdling is shown at the top of the section of wood 
illustrated in figure 2. In 1893, after every storm in Central Park 
great quantities of limbs were seen, some entirely broken off and 
others still hanging to the trees. 
The larva, when fully mature, transforms to pupa within the 
burrow, the change beginning to occur during the second May after 
the hatching of the eggs, the larva thus requiring nearly two years 
to complete its growth. The pupa, by means of a sharp protuber- 
ance on its head, is enabled to force its way partly out of the burrow, 
after which the skin splits open and the moth emerges. The empty 
pupal skin remains for some time projecting from the orifice. 
The presence of this borer in a branch is manifested by little 
accumulations of chips, matted excrement, or frass, which indicate 
the entrance to the burrows. After a time these orifices are closed 
from within by a silken web, which is doubtless to protect the con- 
tained insect from its natural enemies. Smaller twigs wilt and 
break off and often it is only when the severed twigs or branches 
have been brought down in numbers by high winds that the work 
of the insect is first recognized. Where the larger larve have 
worked just under the bark this splits open the next season, leaving 
an ugly scar as a reminder of its pernicious operations. 
NATURAL CHECKS. 
No specific natural enemies of the leopard moth appear to have 
been recorded in this country, although in Europe E. A. Fitch has 
reared an indeterminate chalcidid of the subfamily Encyrtine.¢ 
In the explanation of the cause of the slow spread of the moth 
from cities and large towns to the country, allusion has been made 
to the fact that native birds probably assist in holding this insect 
in check in the suburbs. Actual observations on this head appe&r 
to be wanting, but there are the best of reasons for believing that 
birds, like the woodpeckers, which naturally look over the bark 
and collect all kinds of borers, prey on this species, while it is believed 
@ Entom. Mo. Mag., Vol. XVIII, p. 116. Perhaps Copidosoma truncatellum Dalm., 
mentioned by Dalla Torre (not Mayr), Catalogus Hymenopterorum, p. 246. 
[Cir. 109] 
