4 Introduction: Travel and Literature. 



1856. Wallace (Alfred Russel). Boni 1S2;i Englishman. Naturalist. Amazon 

 1848—52, in the East Indian Archipelago 1554 — 62, whore especially he was most successful 

 in every respect, none of the former nor of the later naturalists there having attained any- 

 thing to equal his results. He was in South Celebes from September to November 1 856, and 

 July to November 1857, in North Celebes from June to September 1S50, and his Assistant, 

 Charles Allen, collected in the Sula Islands. As is generally known, Mr. Wallace has 

 written specially on the Avifauna of Celebes in his various important works. His separate 

 ornithological papers concerning the Celebesian Area are: On the Ornithology of Northera 

 Celebes, Ibis, 1860, 140; List of Birds from the Sula Islands, P. Z. S., 18G2, :3:i3; and Note 

 on Astur grisciceps, Ibis, 1861, 184; but he treated of different genera and families mono- 

 graphically in which the Celebes birds play a great part, e. g. : On the Parrots of the Malay 

 Region, P. Z. S., 1564; On the habits and the distriliution of the genus Pittn, Vins, 1861; 

 On the Pigeons of the Malay Archipelago, Ibis, 1865; Catalogue of the Birds of Prey of the 

 Malay Archipelago, Ibis, 1868. His ornithological collections are for the greater part in 

 the British Museum as the "Catalogues of Birds" .show, but there are to be found in many 

 other museums and private collections specimens from his rich harvest, amounting to 8050 

 specimens, as he himself mentions in the preface of liis "!Malay Archipelago". Prioniturus 

 irallacei, MicrosHctus irallarei, Macroptery.r irnlkwci, Osmotreron uallacei and Chakophaps 

 irallacei from Celebes, as well as Ccijx nallncei from Sula were named after him. 



c. 1856. Riedel (Johann Gerardus Friedrich). Dutchman. Bom 1832 at Tondano, 

 North Celebes, where his father was a missionary; educated in Europe. A discourse with 

 Alexander von Humboldt in Berlin') and later Mr. Wallace's presence in Celebes 

 appear to have had much influence in awakening his interests in Natural Science. From 

 1S5:5 — 1883 he was in the Civil Service in the East Indian Archipelago (1853— 1S6^ in the 

 Minahassa, 1S63— 1875 in Gorontalo — both in North Celebes — , 1S75— 1878 in Bilhton, 

 1878 — 1880 in Timor, 1880—1883 in Amboina). Many papers from his pen on North Celebes 

 are to be found in Dutch periodicals, but his chief work is: "De sluik-en kroesharige 

 Rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua", with many plates (1886). He made extensive ornithological 

 and other collections everywhere, which he presented to several European Museums. His 

 birds from Celebes are among other places at Brunswick (see: Z. f. d. ges. Orn. 1S86, 81)^), 

 Darmstadt isee: Abh. Naturw. Ver. Bremen V, 35, 1876, and 464, 1877), Dresden (see: 

 our work), Karlsruhe (see: J. f. O. 1883, 129), Leyden (see: Schlegel's Catalogues, etc.), 

 Paris (to which he presented many consignments from 1S64 — 1872), St. Petersburg fsee: 

 Z. f. d. ges. Om. 1886, 193)-). PlnjUcrgatcs riedeli and Ardetta riedeli from Celebes were 

 named after him. Dr. Riedel has been living in Holland since 1SS3. 



c. 1860. Duivenbode (Lodewijk Diederik Hendrik Alexander van Renesse van) 

 1832 or 1^33 — ISSl or 1SS2. Dutchman (half-caste of Ternate). Planter and merchant 

 at Manado. Son of Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode, whom ISfr. Wallace 

 in his "Malay Archipelago" (IT, p. 2) calls the King of Ternate. He sent out native hunters 

 to make large collections of birds in the Minahassa and the neighbouring islands and 

 presented them in part to Museums (such as the Leydenl and sold others; consequently lots 

 of birds from "Manado" were in the European market between 1870 — 1880 (see, for instance, 

 J. f. 0. 1883, p. 129), and those in many collections may be traced to this source. Tliey 



') Alexander von Humboldt asked ]\Ir. Riedel among other things, why there are no large mammals 

 to be found in Celebes, a question involving the whole problem which makes tliis island so interesting. 



'-) This collection is not from the Minahassa, as Prof. W. Blasius writes, but from Gorontalo, as we kmiw 

 from Dr. Riedel himself. Gorontalo does not belong to the Minahassa. 



