44 Introduction: Migration. 



a host of fishes swam in front of it, Avhile innumerable crabs sat upon it and 

 sunned themselves". 



In the special articles on the species records of individuals captured or 

 observed at sea are quoted, such are: Tachijspizias soloensis (China Sea, near 

 the Pescadores, May); Accipiter virgatus (China Sea, near the Natuna Is., 

 14"" November); Merops philippinus (Indian Ocean, November); Halcyon sancta 

 (Pacific Ocean, 300 sea-miles S.E. of the Louisiade group); Hirundo rustica 

 (several records from the seas between the ISIoluccas and S. China); Acrocephahts 

 orientalis (40 miles N. of the Loochoo Islands;; Mofacilla flava (Indian Ocean and 

 China Sea); Tringa ruficollis (China Sea, May H'*"); Hypotaetiidia philippensis 

 (Pacific Ocean far at sea east of Australia) ; Myristicivora hkolor and Caloenas nico- 

 barica (Seas of the East Indian Aixhipelago). 



Routes. — The above tables tend to prove that each species has 

 its own route or routes of migration; nevertheless the species allow of 

 a certain amount of co-ordination, as follows. 



From Northern Europe and Siberia to the East Indian Archipelago. — So far 

 as species occurring in Celebes are concerned, migration reaches its highest 

 development in the Arctic Chiffchaff, Phj/lloscopus borcalis (J. H. Bias.) and the 

 Siberian Pipit, Anthus gustavi Swinh. The former is known to breed as far 

 west as Northern Norway (Collet t), the latter as far as the Petchora (Seebohm 

 and Harvie -Brown); they also breed in various parts of Siberia. In the 

 winter there are no observations to show that individuals stop short of S.E. Asia 

 and the East Indies; on the other hand they are observed to pass through China 

 on migration, the Pipit holding to the countries washed by or near the Pacific 

 Ocean and not visiting the Indian countries, while the Chiffchaff occurs both in 

 the territories invaded by the Pipit and in Further India and the neighbouring 

 islands as well. So far as can be judged the general direction of the two 

 species in autumn is from west to east across Siberia and then south or south- 

 south-east. They are in singular contradiction to Gatke's picturesque theory 

 of an east to west flight at this season, and Anthus ffustavi should be contrasted 

 with Anthus richardi V., which is supposed to migrate in the opposite direction, 

 and is often referred to for proof by Giltke. 



From Northern Europe to Africa, and from Siberia to the East Indies or 

 further. — Many species migrate thus, but, as a rule, appreciable racial differ- 

 ences may be seen in the western and eastern individuals, with intermediate 

 forms from other localities between them. Such are: Hirundo rustica, Cuculus 

 canorus, Pctrophila cyanus, MotacUla flava, Motacilla boarula, Anthus cervimis. 

 Tetanus calidris. Other forms are commonly separated as distinct species in the 

 West and East; such are Charadrius ptuvialis and fulvus, Acrocephalus turdoides and 

 orientalis, Tringa minuta and ruficollis, Limosa lapponica and novaezealandiae, Numenius 

 phaeopus and variegatus. Others do not differ in the West and East, or at least 

 no prominent racial differences in them have as yet been insisted upon ; such 



