Introduction: Migration. 45 



are: Squatarola helvetica, Aegialitis curonica, Strepsilas interpres, Totanus glottis, 

 T. glareola, Actitis hypoleucos, Terekia cinerea, Phalaropus kyperhoreus, etc. It may be 

 that these last commingle more freely in their breeding grounds than the others, 

 and have not yet adopted routes of migration of an equally unvarying character. 



From China, or China and S. E. Siberia, to Further India, the Philippines and 

 Sunda Islands as far as North Celebes. — A large number of visitors to Celebes 

 are distributed in summer and winter, respectively, as above. Celebes appears 

 to be reached by individuals which have travelled over the Philippines , and 

 not by birds coming from Borneo and Java. This is shown by the fact that 

 these species occur in the Northern Peninsula, but much more rarely, if at all, 

 in other parts of C'elebes. Migrants descending south through the Philippines 

 and across the Celebes Sea are confronted by a lofty barrier 400 miles long 

 formed by this peninsula, and the majority of individuals do not pass over it 

 into South Celebes or into the Moluccas. If the migrants came from Borneo 

 or Java they would reach the west and south coasts first, and their presence 

 on the northern coast could only be accounted for as an aimless progression 

 towards the north-east, of which there is no evidence. The simpler explanation 

 may be assumed with much confidence to be the correct one. The winter visitors, 

 therefore, from China and the North to the Northern Peninsula are: Tachyspizias 

 soloensis, Accipiter virgatus gularis, Ilierococcyx sparverioides , Coccystes coromandus, 

 Halcyon pileata. Pitta cyanoptera, Lanius lucionensis^) , Petrophila cyaniis solitaria^), 

 Locustella ochotensis, Lobivanellus cinereus, Tringa damascensis , Ardetta eurhythma. 



There is no sjiecies occurring as a migrant in the Philippines which has 

 been found in South Celebes and not in the North Peninsula, except Limicola 

 platyrhyncha , which is as yet known from Celebes by one specimen only from 

 the South-central part of the island. 



Species with the above summer and winter distribution, but which pass 07i further 

 into South Celebes, the Moluccas and Papuasia are: Butastur indicus, Ninox scutulata 

 japonica, Cuculus canorus canor aides, Acrocephalus orientalis , Gallinago megala, 

 Numenius minutus. To these should be added most of the Waders, and the two 

 Wagtails, the Pipit, Anthus cervinus, the Arctic ChiffchafF, Phylloscopiis borealis, etc., 

 which, however, have a higher northern breeding range. 



From S. E. Siberia and China to Further India and the Sunda Islands, avoid- 

 ing the Philippines. — This route is pursued by Lanius tigrinus, in striking 

 contrast to its compatriot Lanius lucionensis, which visits the Philippines in abun- 

 dance, and the Indian countries and Southern Sunda Islands only sparingly 

 (See pp. 405, 408 — 410). Most of the individuals of Pitta cyanoptera seem to 

 take a route like that of L. tigrinus. 



West- Pacific migration. — There are several species occurring in Celebes 

 which in winter visit the countries in the more immediate neighbourhood of the 

 Pacific, not crossing to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and the islands in 



1) Has occurred in the Moluccas. 



