Introduction: Geogi-apMcal Distribution. j[29 



North Peninsula South Peninsula 



Spilospizias trinotatus (typical) . . . . S. trinotatus haesitandus 

 Trichogloss%is meyeri (typical) .... T. meyeri honthaimnsis 



Microstictus fithus M. xoallacei 



Phoenkophaes calorhynchns (typical) . . P. calorhynchus mendionalis 



Monachakyon monachus M. capucinus 



Stoparola septentrionalis 8. meridmialis 



Pachycephala sulfuriventer P. mendionalis 



Pachycephala bonensis P. honthaina 



Edoliisoma morio septentrionaUs . . . . E. morio (typical) 

 Cyrtostomus frenatus^ sakyerensis . . . C. frenatus <!^saleyerensis 



Hermotimia grayi li. porphyrolaema 



Mclikstes cekbensis (typical) ..... ilf. cekhensis meridionalis 



Malia grata recondita M. grata (typical) 



Trichostoma cekhense T. finschi 



Streptocitta torquata S. albicoUis 



Oriolus cekhensis (typical) O. cekhensis meridionalis 



Ptilopus fischeri P. meridionalis 



Phlogoenas tristigmata P. bimacidata 



When it is remembered that the distance from the extreme ends of the 

 North and South Peninsulas is between 800 and 900 miles and that the interior 

 is in most parts very mountainous, the difference in the bu'ds of the North and 

 South need not cause surprise, since isolation, one of the essential conditions 

 for the origin of a new species or subspecies, can occur here very readily. 



There are differences of other kinds in other classes of animals in the North 

 and South, but as the fauna of Celebes is so insufficiently known, the cases 

 cannot yet be grouped together from a more general stand-point. We may mention, 

 however, that Prof. v. Martens showed (in Weber's Zool. Ergebn. 1891 II, 259), 

 that of the 64 land-shells known from Celebes only 2 are doubtless identical in 

 the North and South, while 23 occur only in the North and 21 only in the 

 South-west, etc. Among the Land Planarians collected by Dr. P. & Dr. F. Sarasin 

 iVerh. D. Zool. Ges. 1897, 114), Prof v. Graff found that in North Celebes 

 the Oriental, in South Celebes the Australian character prevails. It may 

 be added that Prof. Wichmann (Tijdsch. K. Nederl. Aardr. Gen. 2. ser. 1890 

 VII, 978, and Petermann's Mitth. 1893, 281) surmises that during the second 

 half of the Tertiary age single parts of South Celebes were raised as islands 

 above the surface of the sea and only later, when the whole of it was upheaved, 

 became united with Central Celebes as one land. Whether certain differences 

 in the fauna of North and South Celebes may be explained hereby, we leave over 

 to futui-e decision. That, for instance, the Moleo of the North does not occur- in 

 the South is no zoological proof of former geological conditions, for as a rule 

 animals have a restricted distribution. 



Meyer & WigUsworth, Birds of Celebes (May nth ISOS). J" 



