recorded in injurious numbers in Texas, in Washington County, in 

 1804," and since then has traveled gradually northward, although not 

 with uniform rapidity. Normally the species is probably tropical and 

 has been diffused through two additional life zones, the Lower and 

 Upper Austral. In the latter zone, however, it has not become per- 

 manently established much farther north than about the lower or 

 warmer half. The region about Norfolk, Va., " the gateway of the 

 South," is probably the northern limit of actual establishment in the 

 East. 



A year or two following its discovery as a pest this species had in- 

 vaded Louisiana, and by 1867 was recorded from North Carolina. Its 

 spread was most noticeable along the Atlantic seaboard and up the 

 Mississippi River valley. In 1870 it had appeared in Missouri and 

 Tennessee, and by 1876 had reached Delaware. In Maryland and Vir- 

 ginia, however, it did not attract attention until 1880. It was first 

 recorded as injurious in New Jersey, at Woodbury, in 1892,^ and in 

 1894 it was seen at Jamaica and '' New Lots Road," New York.'' 



Westward we have office records of its occurrence in Colorado in 

 1882, at Pueblo and Denver, but it has never been an important pest 

 in that region, and it was not until 1890 that it was recorded in 

 Indiana and not till 1891 in Ohio. In the latter State it progressed 

 steadily northward until it was checked by the same atmospheric 

 conditions which prevailed in the Eastern States and which Avill be 

 mentioned presently. In the Pacific region the species is well estab- 

 lished in southern California, but there seems to be no published 

 record of the time of its first ajjpearance in that State. We received 

 specimens from San Diego, Cal., as early as 1878. The insect is also 

 recorded from Nevada. 



The dispersion of this species in the Middle States has been traced 

 by Mr. F. M. Webster,** and from what has just been stated and what 

 has been placed on record by Messrs. Webster and Howard it is very 

 evident that it has become diffused largely by what Doctor Howard 

 terms "* commercial jumps,'' as in the case of insects like the aspara- 

 gus beetle. This is a matter quite simple of accomplishment, as fertile 

 egg masses can be carried long distances on the insect's food plants — 

 for example, on the outer leaves of cabbages — by railroads and by 

 boat. It will be noted that after the establishment of the pest in 

 Delaware it did not attract attention farther north until twenty 

 years later; also, that other introductions were made in different 

 directions quite independently of each other. 



"Recorded by Gideou Lincecum, Practical Entomologist, Vol. I, p. 110, Aug. 21, 

 1866. 



6 Liutner, 9th Rept. New York State Ent. f. 1892 (1893), pp. 315-317, 441." 

 <^ Sirriue, Bui. 83, New York Agl. Exp. Sta. (rJeneva), Dec, 1894, p. 683. 

 d Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. Ill, pp. 288-290, 1896. 

 [Cir. 103] 



