The Ants of the Baltic Amber. 17 



Leptothorax (3) Polyergus (1) 



Tetramorium (1) Camponotus (1). 



The other palearctic genera represented in the amber: Ponera, Stenamma, 

 Aphcenogaster, Dolichoderus, Liometopum, Monomoriiim, Prenolepis and 

 Flagiolepis do not at the present day extend northward beyond 

 southern and central Europe. In two recent papers^) Emery has described 

 in detail the way in which the present south European ant-fauna 

 has been enriched by immigration of species from Asia and Africa. 

 Before leaving the subject of the affinities of the amber ants, 

 it may be of interest to consider some of Ulmer's conclusions in re- 

 gard to the amber Trichoptera. He arranges the genera of these in- 

 sects according to their affinities with extant genera as follows : 



1. Purely Eurasian: 10 genera with 15 species. 



2. Purely Nearctic: 4 genera with 8 species. 



3. Eurasian and (or) Nearctic: 33 genera with 115 species. 



4. Neither Eurasian nor Nearctic but South Asiatic: 

 9 genera with 14 species. 



From these data he concludes : „Die Trichopterenfauna des Bernsteins 

 ist eine hauptsachlich aus eurasiatischen und nearktischen Elementen 

 bestehende, aber von sudamerikanischen und siidasiatischen Formen 

 durchsetzte Mischfauna mit subtropischem Charakter und vorwiegender 

 Entwicklung der Polycentropiden." It will be seen that this statement 

 corresponds rather losely with the results obtained from a study of 

 the amber Formicidce, except that the present neotropical element 

 is represented only by Erehomyrma antiqua and possibly by the re- 

 semblance of Eliopalomynnex to the South American and West Indian 

 genus Myrmelachisia and of Bradoponera to the Haitian Spaniopone, 

 and that there is no purely nearctic element apart from genera 

 common to the palearctic fauna. 



Referring to the direct phylogenetic relationships of the amber 

 Trichoptera to those of the present day, Ulmer says 2): j,Da die Bern- 

 steinfauna um so viel alter ist als die rezente, so konnte sich die 

 Frage erheben, ob vielleicht im Bernstein Vorlaufer, Ahnen der einen 

 oder anderen rezenten Gattung vorhanden sind, ob vielleicht gar die 

 Formen im ganzen primitiver sind als die der Jetztzeit. Die Frage 

 muB sofort verneint werden. Man braucht nur die Beschreibungen 



^) Der Wanderzug der Steppen- und Wiistenameisen von Zentral-Asien nach Siid- 

 Europa und Nord-Afrika. Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Svi^t.^SiippI. 15, Vol. 1. 1912. pp. 95 

 bis 1U4 and Le origini e le migrazioni dclla fauna mirniecologica di Europa loc. cit. 



2) loco citato p. 361. 



Schriften d. Phyaik.-Okonoin. GoBellBchaft. Jahrg.in^: I.V. 2 



