xl CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER XX. 
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE LIFE. 
The Dependence of all created Beings upon Space and Time.—The Influences 
which regulate the Distribution of Marine Life——The four Bathymetrical Zones 
of Marine Life on the British Coasts, according to the late Professor Edward 
Forbes of Edinburgh.—Abyssal Animals.—Bathybius Haeckelii—Deep-Sea 
Sponges and Shell-Fish.— Vivid Phosphorescence of Deep-Sea Animals.—Deep- 
Sea Shark Fishery —The “ Challenger.” : : : . Page 406 
CHAPTER XXI. 
THE PHOSPHORESCENCE OF THE SEA. 
Its Causes.—Noctiluca miliaris. — Phosphorescent Annelides and Beroés, — 
Intense Phosphorescence of the Pyrosoma atlantica.—Luminous Pholades.— 
The luminous Shark.—Phosphorescent Algze.—Citations from Byron, Coleridge, 
Crabbe, and Scott . é ; : c ; é s 423 
CHAPTER XXII. 
THE PRIMITIVE OCEAN. 
The Giant-Book of the Earth-rind.—The Sea of Fire-—Formation of a solid 
Earth-crust by cooling.—The Primitive Waters.—First awakening of Life 
in the Bosom of the Ocean. —The Reign of the Saurians.—The future 
Ocean ° ° . . ° : 5 . - 433 
PAR Er 
THE PROGRESS OF MARITIME DISCOVERY. 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
Maritime Discoveries of the Pheenicians.—Expedition of Hanno.—Cireumnaviga- 
tion of Africa under the Pharaoh Necho.—Colzus of Samos.—Pytheas of 
Massilia.—Expedition of Nearchus.—Circumnavigation of Hindostan under 
the Ptolemies.—Voyages of Discovery of the Romans.—Consequences of the 
Fall of the Roman Empire. — Amalfi. — Pisa. — Venice.—Genoa.—Resump- 
tion of Maritime Intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.— 
Discovery of the Mariner’s Compass.—Marco Polo. ; > - 443 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
Prince Henry of Portugal.—Discovery of Porto Santo and Madeira.—Doubling of 
Cape Bojador.—Discovery of the Cape Verde Islands.—Bartholomew Diaz.— 
Vaseo de Gama.—Columbus.—His Predecessors.—Discovery of Greenland by 
