SEASONS AT MARTIN'S FALLS. 247 



Sept. 1 0. Trout spawn. Many insectivorous birds depart. The 

 passenger pigeon disappears. Hawks and the large 

 horned owl (Strix virginianus) are common. Night 

 frosts frequent. 

 15. Tops of potatoes always blackened. Caterpillars 

 nearly all cased. Trout refuse the fly-hook, but 

 still take bait ; they are now poor fish. Canada 

 geese pass to the southward. Ducks abound in the 

 grassy lakes. Leaves turning yellow rapidly. 20th. 

 Pleasant weather at mid-day but cold in the night. 

 The fall-moth (Phalcena autumn alis) is now to be 

 seen. Sand-flies bite only in the height of the 

 warmer days. The moscheto is utterly defunct. 

 Diving ducks common ; the others gone. 



Oct. 1. Pools and swamps crusted with ice. White-fish 

 ( Coregonus alb us) begin to spawn, oth. Sucking- 

 carp ( Catastomi) and trout desert the small streams. 

 Foliage is yellow, and falls. Deer rut. Instead of 

 rain we have snow, which generally melts, the 

 earth being warmer than the atmosphere. 

 10. A single blast of northerly wind will now suffice to 

 bare the trees, strip the shrubs, and send all water- 

 fowl to the south. The last of these are weak or 

 lingering flocks of wavies (Anser hyperboreus), 

 which may be observed passing. They seldom alight 

 unless when met by adverse winds. 

 20. The small lakes and rivers sometimes frozen. (Be- 

 tween the 21st and 28th is the usual period for 

 the freezing of the lake at Cumberland House.) 

 Tullibee ( Coregonus artedi) spawns. Quadrupeds 

 acquire thick fur. The willow-grouse (Tetrao sali- 

 ceti) arrives from the north. There is usually a 

 little snow on the ground ; and the American hare 

 and ermine are becoming white. 



Nov. 1. The ground is covered with snow, which in mild 

 weather harbours multitudes of Podurce. 10th. I 

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