LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 297 



twigs, Mithkwa-pe-min-ahtik (red stick), and its fruit Mushwa- 

 mina (bear-berry), because the bears eat it. The Dog-ribs call 

 this berry, Kai-gossai-ki-eh. A warm decoction of the bark 

 and twigs is used by the natives for bathing their limbs when 

 swelled by fatigue. C. alternifolia, C. pa?iiculata, C. sericea, 

 and C. circinata, which are inhabitants of the Northern States, 

 are said to extend to Canada ; but except the last named, which 

 occurs on Lake Superior, none of them were gathered by us 

 on the canoe route. C. sericea and C.florida, also Canadian 

 species, cross the continent to Oregon, but do not occur north 

 of the great lakes. The herbaceous C. canadensis reaches the 

 shores of the Arctic Sea, crossing the continent from east to 

 west ; and the P. suecica, a European plant, is found in the 

 Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on the west coasts of arctic America 

 as high as Kotzebue Sound, and southwards to Oregon ; but has 

 not been detected in the interior districts. 



Loranthace^e. — Arceuthobium oxycedri, this leafless para- 

 sitical shrub, is common to Europe, Central Asia, and North 

 America, where it grows on cedars and pine trees. On the eastern 

 declivities of the Rocky Mountains it ranges from lat. 52° to 57° 

 north, and also eastward to Hudson's Bay, growing on the Pinus 

 banksiana. On the western side of the mountains, from the 

 Spokan River in 47° north lat. to near the sources of the Co- 

 lumbia, it infests the Pinus ponderosa. 



Caprifoliace^;. — Sambucus canadensis, black-fruited elder, 

 was gathered by Lieut. Abert on the Cottonwood Creek of the 

 Neosha, in lat. 38? r ° north, at an altitude of about 1,400 feet. 

 It has its northern limit in the Saskatchewan basin, and ranges 

 westward from Nova Scotia across the prairies. S. racemosa 

 vel pubens, the red-fruited elder, is common in the Northern 

 States on the shores of Lake Superior, going northward to the 

 Saskatchewan, and westward to Oregon. Its polar limit, as far 

 as ascertained, is on the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains 

 between 52° and 59° north lat. V. prunifolium, black haw, or 

 sloe-leaved viburnum, reaches the north shore of Lake Huron ; 

 but is more common in New York and Ohio. V. lentago, sweet 

 viburnum, is a handsome tree in the Northern States, grows in 



