18 The Mountaineer 



near where the upward sloping neve meets the rock 

 wall inclosing it. 



The extension of the amphitheaters at the heads of 

 the glaciers renders the sides of the dome more and 

 more precipitous as glacial erosion progresses. Car- 

 bon Glacier, flowing northward and having its amphi- 

 theatre sheltered from the noonday sun, has excavated 

 a great recess or cirque* in the side of the mountain, 

 while the glaciers on the south side of the peak have 

 scarcely more than begun to form similar recesses. 



The primary ice streams on Mount Rainier, in the 

 order of their occurrence, beginning on the north side 

 of the mountain and going about it toward the east, 

 south, etc., are as indicated on the accompanying map, 

 the Carbon, Winthrop, Emmons (or White), Ingraham, 

 Cowlitz, Nisqually, Kautz, Wilson, Tahoma, Puyallup, 

 Edmunds and Willis (or Mowich) Glaciers. The sec- 

 ondary streams, or interglaciers, as it is convenient to 

 term them, in the order just stated, are Interglacier, 

 Frying Pan, Little Tahoma, Williwakas, Paradise, 

 Van Trump and others not named. A former exten- 

 sion of the interglaciers and the previous extension of 

 true glaciers, where only deep snow accumulations now 

 occur, is shown by the polish and grooves on the rocks, 

 below the positions they occupy. 



Carton Olacier. 



The amphitheater in which Carbon Glacier has its 

 source is the largest excavation that has been made in 

 the sides of Mount Rainier. The snow on the less steep' 

 slope above the cliff leading to Liberty Cap, creeps 

 down to the verge of the precipice and then breaks oflE 

 and forms avalanches, which descend to the glacier be- 

 low. [Avalanches were very common here, and could 

 be plainly seen from the Mountaineer Camp, 1909.] 

 Carbon Glacier in reality has no true neve at present, 



• Cirque, an amphitheater-like valley head. 



