82 Muhlenbergia, Volume 9 
Schizonotus discolor(Pursh)Raf.Acer circinatum Pursh 
Rubus spectabilis Pursh Rhamnus Purshiana DC. 
Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Arctostaphylos tomentosa Doug]. 
Along the ravines and streams various hardwoods abound, 
the principal ones being: 
Acer macrophyllum Pursh Prunus emarginata villosaSudw. 
Fraxinus oregana Nutt. Arbutus Menziesii Pursh 
Alnus oregana Nutt. Umbellularia californica Nutt. 
Salix Scouleriana Barratt Garrya elliptica Doug]. 
The forests on the headlands near the ocean are exposed 
more directly to the mist laden winds which sweep in from the 
northwest so frequently, and contain a relatively small quantity 
of Douglas fir, the predominating trees being the tideland spruce, 
western red cedar, hemlock, Port Orford cedar and Douglas fir, 
in the order named. This is probably explained by the fact 
that these forests close to the ocean, comparatively free from fire, 
represent a closer approach toa climax condition of forest growth 
for this region. 
The forests which have grown up on the wind shifted sand 
dunes and sandy flats, consist of almost pure stands of shore pine, 
Pinus contorta, and this tree is rarely, if ever, seen in this region 
upon any other soil formation. 
The geology of the region shows that it was at one time at 
an elevation of nearly a thousand feet above its present position, 
and that the streams had worn deep canyons with perpendicular 
walls along their short but steep descent from the coast moun- 
tains to the sea. These canyons are still visible along the head 
of Coos river. As the land subsided to its present elevation the 
canyons became “drowned” and gradually filled up with silt, 
forming the alluvial flats and the vast areas of marshland around 
the bay and its inlets. "The season was too late at the time of 
my visit to make any satisfactory study of the vegetation of 
these marshes. The few species noted were: 
Triglochin maritima L. Salix Hookeriana Barratt 
Scirpus occidentalis Chase Tissa marina (L.) Britton 
Scirpus robustus Pursh Rumex salicifolius Weinm. 
Scirpns microcarpus Pres] Salicornia ambigua Michx. 
