118 HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE IX MINNESOTA. 



it be drained. On land with deep sand, subsoil large holes should be made, 

 and clay filled in before setting the trees. Has had experience in this manner 

 of planting and succeeded well. 



Mr. Truman M. Smith prefers high land with northern exposure. Judges 

 from observation of forest trees, which are invariably' larger and thriftier on 

 northern slope ; and this is true in his experience with fruit trees. 



Mr. Gideon's trees do equally well on all sorts of exposures ; southwest 

 slope as good as any in his opinion, the only objection being on account of 

 sunburn, which he would prevent by heading low, and protect from wind by 

 close planting. 



Mr. Harris thinks the matter of exposure is not as important as most peo- 

 ple think. His best trees are on a southern slope. There is, however, a dif- 

 ficulty from sunburn and l)ursting bark, when the trees are young, which can 

 be obviated by mulching and other protection until large enough to furnish 

 their own protection by shading of limbs and fallen leaves. Would not select 

 high knolls for orchard, on account of high winds and lack of moisture. In 

 his opinion, forest trees are more thrifty on northern slopes because not so 

 much run over by fires. Apples will grow any place wiiere the water does 

 stand within two feet of the surface. 



Mr. L. M. Ford could not endorse wiiat Mr. Harris said, except with the 

 crabs. 



Mr. Brand had always heard that a northern slope was best for fruit trees, 

 but has yet to see an orchard with such exposure equal to those planted on 

 land that inclines to the south, or south-east. Prefers high land, and dry soil. 



Mr. Ford had not seen any thing but crab apples grow on .sandy land. 



Mr. Jewell cited a case where large quantities of Duchess, Golden Russet, 

 and other large apples are grown on very sandy soil, and presented specimens. 



Mr. Nutting thinks the benefits of northern exposure are moisture, and the 

 protection attorded by snow, the place of which can be supplied by mulching- 

 well. 



Mr. Stubbs would prepare the grouuil for planting by digging holes a year 

 before and would put top soil in the bottom of the holes, and clay on top. 



Mr. Hart thinks his fruit is most handsome that grows on southern slope. 



The Third topic, 



TOP-WORKIXG, CJRAFTING AND liUDDIXG. 



was taken up. 



Mr. Dart thinks that some varieties of fruit may be successfully top- worked 

 on the crab-stocks : would not recommend digging up crabs until it had been 

 tried. 



Mr. Jewell says the advantage of top-working lies in grafting semi-hardy 

 varieties on hardy stocks, and by so doing, fruit can be successfully raised 

 that could not be grown by the ordinary method of root-grafting ; he would 

 whip-graft, or bud. Budding is best to change the form of the head of a tree. 

 Baldwin and Wagner apples, which are tender on their own roots, have done 



