HOWAED, LEAKE AND HOWARD. 195 



Fruwirth' in a recent discussion of the subject concludes that 

 quality varies with the season, soil and the nutrition of the crop* 

 and that in Europe wheats become increasingly floury from East 

 to West and from South to North. 



The relation between the quality of wheat and the climatic 

 conditions under which it is grown has been discussed at length 

 by Schindler.^ This observer considers that climate exercises a 

 paramount influence on the quality of the wheat grown in any 

 tract and that the influence of the race is of secondary importance. 

 His most reliable data are drawn from a study of the Hungarian 

 wheats. By considering the climatic conditions of the five tracts 

 into which Hungary can be divided, Schindler shows that in 

 those districts which have a larger rainfall and more moderate 

 temperature, wheats are produced which are starchy and have 

 larger, heavier grain and a lower protein content than those 

 produced in the drier hotter tracts. An extension of these results 

 was made to include the wheats of other countries. Evidence is 

 als'o adduced to show that wheats when taken from one locality 

 to another change in weight, size of grain and in protein content 

 in a similar manner. As a result of these investigations Schindler 

 considers that the wheat-growing districts of the world can be 

 divided into ' ' climatic provinces, ' ' and he states his conclusions as 

 follows: — " Im ganzen aber ergiebt sick aus den ohigen Zahlen die 

 sehr ivichtige Thatsache, dass es nicht gerecht-fertigt ist, von der Korn- 

 grosse and dem Proteinanteil der Zucht abs von Rasseneigenschajten 

 zu sprechen. Sie mogen es ja bis zu einem gewissen beschriinkten 

 Grade sein, allein die Konstanz der Rasse wird in dieser Beziehung 

 durch der Einfluss des Klimas, teilweise auch des Bodens und der 

 Kultur weitaus uberragt." 



Schindler' s conclusions are, however, open to the criticism that 

 in considering the question too many assumptions have been made 

 as to the identity of different races. His Hungarian results for 

 instance are based on the assumption that all the wheat grown in 

 the country is of one type. A priori it seems most unlikely that 



' Fruwirth, Die Zuchttinrf d. kmdw. KvUurpflunzev, Bel. IV., 1907. 



"^ Schindler, Der Wcizcn in seincn IkziiJniniji ii ziim Kliiiui, und dii.s (itxilz der Korrdutiun, 

 Munich, 1893. 



