196 ENVIRONMENT AND MILLING QUALITIES. 



this should bo so. In considering the wheats of other countries no 

 attention is paid to the question of variety at all, and this is a very 

 serious objection to the acceptance of his results as an accurate 

 study of the subject. 



More recently Raum' at Munich undertook a study of the 

 morphological changes induced in the grains of cereals by climatic 

 conditions. Thirty-five different kinds of wheat mostly of foreign 

 origin were grown for three years and the weight of 1,000 grains 

 and the measurements of the length and breadth of the grain com- 

 pared with that of the original seed. The results were not very 

 conclusive. In general it was shown that wet summers produced 

 heavier grain than dry years, but it was not possible to determine 

 any progressive change in the length and breadth of the grains by 

 continued cultivation in a new locality. As regards the consistency 

 it was noticed that the North German and exotic kinds became 

 more and more flinty each year and tended to resemble the 

 flinty Bavarian kinds. 



In England in addition to the observations of Voelcker^ (who 

 found at Woburn that as the relative proportions of lime and mag- 

 nesia in the soil approach nearer and nearer to the ratio I : 1 so the 

 wheat grain tends to become more glutinous and hard), a consider- 

 able amount of attention has been paid to the effect of external 

 conditions on the milling and baking qualities of wheat by 

 Humphries and Biffen.^ These investigators grew two wheats 

 differing in strength on seven types of soil and found that while 

 the soil had a considerable influence on the strength yet on all 

 soils the stronger variety. Red Lammas, gave the better result. 

 The bakers' marks of Red Lammas varied from 70 on warp land 

 to 50 on a stony clay soil. 



1 Raum, Zur Kenntniss der morphologischen Veranderungen der Getreidekorner unter dem 

 Einitusse kleinudidcher VerJuiUnisse, Munich, 1900. 



2 Voelcker, Journal of Royal Agricultural Society of England, Vol. (58, 1907, p. 26i>. 

 * Humphries and Biflfen, Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. II, 1907, p. 6. 



