STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 241 



which teaches us that fx-uit trees should be headed low, which form 

 they would naturally assume if they were left to themselves. 



Owing to the many good works that have been written on worms 

 and insects that destroy fruit trees and fruit, and the best modes 

 and remedies to destroy them, it is useless for me to enter on this 

 subject in detail. We will only briefly notice the apple tree borer, 

 caterpillar and apple-worm, which are the principal enemies to 

 fruit trees and fruit. 



The apple tree borer remains in the wood all winter and in the 

 following spring is transformed to a pupa and comes forth a winged 

 butterfly or beetle, flies about at night, and is seldom seen in the 

 daytime. June and July the females deposit their eggs, one in a 

 place on the bark of the trees, at or a little above the surface of the 

 ground, and sometimes higher up, about the forks of the trees ; 

 from each of these eggs hatches a little small grub or maggot ; 

 this grub at first eats its way directly downward in the bark. By 

 close examination of the trees at these places the last of August 

 and the first of September, if the trees are infested with borers they 

 can be easily detected by a little dark spot where they enter the 

 bark, and can be easily found and destroyed. If they are not found 

 till sometime afterwards they can be traced by the color of the 

 bark or the use of an awl to their exact location where they are 

 usually in the sap-wood under the bark. The best protection 

 against borers is to keep the ground clean of weeds and grass, and 

 the sprouts removed from about the roots of the trees ; and the 

 different species of woodpeckers, if left alone, will take care of the 

 borer to perfection. It is usually neglected trees that are destroyed 

 with the borers. 



The eggs of the caterpillar are deposited on the twigs of the 

 trees the first part of July and remain till the latter part of April 

 and first of May, when they hatch out and make a nest in the 

 nearest fork with their web which is small at first but soon in- 

 creases in size, and if let alone the worms will soon strip the leaves 

 from the tree. Trees should be closely watched during the time 

 these worms are making their nests and destroyed at once with the 

 hands, or the use of a shot gun and powder, which is the best when, 

 the trees are large. 



The codling moth or apple worm is greatly on the increase, all 

 from neglect. In some sections nearly every apple contains a 

 worm. Without giving the habits of this worm, we will give the 



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