Contents xix 



PAGE 



Parasitic Luminous Bacteria 506 



Symbiotic Luminous Bacteria 507 



Chapter XV. Piiosphorescence of the Sea 508 



Sea Light as a Spectacle 508 



Rene Descartes and Jacques Rohault 510 



Other Early Explanations 512 



Status of Sea Light in the Late Seventeenth Century . 513 



Father Bourzes and French Observations . . . . 516 



Luminous Worms and Crustacea in the Sea . . . . 519 



Benjamin Franklin 519 



Henry Baker and the History of Noctiluca . .521 



Eighteenth-Century Theories of Sea Light .... 524 



Electrical 524 



Mechanical 525 



Insolation 525 



Phosphorus 526 



Putrefaction 527 



Combination of Causes 528 



Early Nineteenth-Century Views 529 



Francois Peron 529 



Christoph Bernoulli and the Prize Essays .... 530 



Humboldt, Macartney, and Tilesius 531 



Sea Light and the Weather 533 



Discovery of Luminous Dinoflagellates 534 



Pioneers 534 



Michaelis and Ehrenberg 535 



Chapter XVL Animal Luminescence 538 



I. Luminous Terrestrial and Fresh-water Forms . . 538 



Fireflies and Glowworms 538 



Early Seventeenth-Century Views 538 



The Glowworm of England 542 



Marcello Malpighi and the Italian Firefly .... 543 



Synchronous Flashing 544 



Eighteenth-Century Research 545 



Relation to Oxygen 547 



Early Nineteenth-Century Physiological Work . 549 



Physical Nature of the Light 551 



Histology 552 



