230 History of Luminescence 



a comparable figure in the nineteenth. His investigations ranged 

 over the whole animal kingdom, from anatomy to pathology. Miiller 

 included a section of seven pages on " Lichtentwicklung " in his 

 Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen filr Verlesungen (Coblentz, 

 1834, with many later editions) . The account of bioluminescence 

 was remarkably complete. It was based largely on the monographs 

 of Ehrenberg (1834) and Meyen (1834) and included all groups 

 of luminous animals, even the newly discovered dinoflagellates. 



Light production by animals was also treated in the medical 

 physiologies of K. A. Rudolphi (1821), F. Tiedemann (1830), D. 

 de Blainville (1833), A. A. Berthold (1837), A. Duges (1838), 

 C. Matteucci (1844-1847), W. B. Carpenter (1854, 1st ed., 1844), 

 H. Milne-Edwards (1863), J. Marshall (1868), and in many later 

 texts.2^ 



Among the authors mentioned, the thirty-page treatment in the 

 Physiologie des Menschen (1830) by Friedrich Tiedemann (1781- 

 1861) , professor of physiology, anatomy, and zoology at the Uni- 

 versity of Heidelberg, and the twenty-eight-page chapter in Legons 

 sur la Physiologie et I'Anatomie Comparee de l' Homme et des Ani- 

 maux (1863), by Henri Milne-Edwards (1800-1885), professor of 

 zoology and physiology in the Faculty of Sciences, Paris, are the 

 best.^" 



Tiedemann followed Treviranus closely and attributed the light 

 of living animals to material containing phosphorus or some simi- 

 lar chemical, elaborated in living cells and secreted by special organs. 

 The secretion was considered to be a vital act but not the light 

 emission itself. Tiedemann's statements are thoroughly supported 

 by numerous references and his article must be regarded as a quite 

 remarkable contribution to the literature of luminescence, espe- 

 cially since it appeared in a physiology devoted to man. 



Milne Edwards' Legons was a work of many volumes. One chap- 



=* No mention of luminescence is to be found in the physiologies of C. L. Dumas 

 (1806) , La C. Richerand (1825) , F. Hildebrand (1828) , De la S. Lapelletier (1831) , 

 F. Magendie (1834), K. A. Burdach (1835-1840), R. Wagner (1842-1853), A. P. 

 Gunther (1848), G. Valentin (1850), K. Ludwig (1852-1856), C. Bernard (1855), 

 O. Funke (1858) , J. Beclard (1866) , W. Wundt (1868) , K. Vierardt (1871) , and some 

 later books for medical students. 



^" One of the first books on biophysics was published by Carlo Matteucci (1811- 

 1868) , first a professor of physics at the University of Bologna, then professor at 

 Ravenna, and then at Pisa, later a Senator. His Lezioni sui fenomeni fisco-chimici dei 

 corpi viventi (Pisa, 1844) was very popular, dealing with electrophysiology and related 

 subjects. It was translated into French (1845) and English (1847) . One lecture of 

 twenty-four pages in the English edition was entitled " Phosphorescence of organized 

 beings." Although a few other bioluminescences are mentioned, the firefly received 

 most attention and Matteucci became a much quoted authority on the light of this 

 insect (see Chapter XVI on fireflies) . 



