The Nineteenth Century 241 



in the " Narrative " (Vol. 1 of the Challenger Reports) , Thomson 

 and Murray again described the abundant and beautiful lumines- 

 cence of living forms, not only at great depths but also at the ocean 

 surface in such passages as the one previously quoted. 



Such expeditions helped to found and maintain the new science 

 of oceanography and resulted in a series of books, both scientific 

 and popular, all of them with a section devoted to bioluminescence. 

 Such works as those of H. Filhol (1885) , La Vie an Fond des Mers; 

 E. Perrier (1886) , Les Exploration Sous-Marins; Le Marquis De 

 Folin (1887) , Sous le Mer; L. Figuier-E. P. Wright (1891) , The 

 Ocean World; S. J. Hickson (1893) , The Fauna of the Deep Sea; and 

 C. Chun (1900) , Aus den Tie fen des Tie fen des Weltmeeres, will 

 serve to indicate the trend 



Before the voyage of the " Challenger," hardly thirty species of 

 deep-sea fish were known. A. Giinther (1880, 1887), who worked 

 up the " Challenger " fishes described 370 deep-sea (below 100 

 fathoms) species, many of which possessed luminous organs. How- 

 ever, not all deep-sea animals possess a pattern of photophores or 

 other types of luminous organs. Among free-swimming forms, light 

 production is most marked in fish and squid 



PAOLO PANCERI AND THE ITALIANS 



During the period 1870-1890, the principal writers of general 

 scientific articles on animal light were Giglioni, Panceri, and Delia 

 Valle in Italy, M'Intosh in Great Britain, Krukenberg and Dittrich 

 in Germany, and Dubois in France. The more popular books of 

 Phipson, Gadeau de Kerville, and Holder have already been men- 

 tioned. In 1870, E. H. Giglioni published a twenty-page essay. La 

 Phosphorescenze del Mare, listing the luminous animals he observed 

 during a voyage around the world in the" Magenta " in 1865-1868. 

 However, there was no attempt to interpret what he found. 



Perhaps the greatest Italian student of bioluminescence was Paolo 

 Panceri (1833-1877) , professor of comparative anatomy at the Uni- 

 versity of Naples, a region noted for its variety of luminous animals. 

 His major works were never collected in book form but appeared 

 in the Atti of the Royal Academy of Science of Naples. Panceri's 

 papers on luminescence dealt (in order) with pennatulids (1871), 

 including also observations on siphonophores; Pyrosoma and Pholas 

 (1872) ; Phyllirrhoee (1872) ; ctenophores (1872) ; annelids, includ- 

 ing also Balanoglossus and brittle stars (1875) ; and hydroids (1876) . 

 All these articles are accompanied by beautiful colored plates illus- 

 trating the antomy and the histology of the various luminous forms. 

 He also dealt with their physiology. An excellent sixty-eight-page 



