242 History of Luminescence 



summary of much of his work, written by Panceri himself, appeared 

 in French in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1872. Unfortu- 

 nately his life was short. He died in 1877 at the height of his career, 

 when only forty-four years old. 



The work of Panceri and others was summarized by his pupil, 

 Antonia Delia Valle who published in 1875 a " Libera dissertazion " 

 of 69 pages, dedicated to his maestro, Paolo Panceri. This thesis, 

 entitled La Luce negli Animali, is divided into two parts, dealing 

 with the luminescence of (I) Dead and (II) Living animals. It 

 included human bodies, wounds, sweat, and urine; animal eyes, 

 eggs, flesh, etc., with a full list of luminous living forms and their 

 characteristic methods of emitting light, but no mention of luminous 

 bacteria. Delia Valle considered the phosphorescent material to be 

 fat, as suggested by Panceri (1871) , or noctilucine, as suggested by 

 Phipson (1872) . No new facts were announced and the work of 

 Heller (1853) on living organisms as the cause of light of dead fish 

 and meat was completely overlooked. 



RAPHAEL DUBOIS 



In 1884, the distinguished French physiologist, Raphael Dubois 

 (1849-1929) , began his studies on the West Indian elaterid beetle, 

 Pyrophorus, which led to publication of his first monograph, Les 

 Elaterides Lumineux (1886) , a comprehensive treatise of 275 pages 

 and 9 plates.*^ 



A second monograph by Dubois appeared in 1892, 167 pages 

 and 15 plates, on Anatomie et Physiologic Comparees de la Pholade 

 Dactyle.'^'^ A third followed in Legons de Physiologic Generale et 

 Comparee (Paris, 1898) of which the second part (pp. 301 to 527) 

 is entirely devoted to luminous organisms. The next large publica- 

 tion appeared in the form of a more or less popular book, La Vie et 

 La Lumiere (Paris, 1914) . Dubois's final comprehensive work was 

 another monograph in the Dictionnaire de Physiologic of Charles 

 Richet, vol. 10, the article on " Lumiere." The first part of the con- 

 tribution (pages 277-394) had to do with " Biophotogenese " and 

 the second part with action of light on organisms. Although Richet's 

 great Dictionnaire was begun in 1895, the volume containing 

 Dubois' article was not finished until 1928. It must have been 

 written earlier for the latest reference in the bibliography is dated 

 1922. Dubois died January 21, 1929. In addition to these general 



*^ In the Bull, de la Soc. Zool. de France 11:275, 1886. Also published by Meulan, 

 Paris, 1886. 



*'' Ann. de I'Univ. de Lyon 2; also published by G. Masson, Paris, 1892. 



