184 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN MEMOIRS 
Klebahn‘ figures an Ortstein Kiefer where the tap-root striking the 
hardpan is bent over, being unable to penetrate that soil layer. 
Graebner narrates how such pine trees grow for a time, but finally, 
after reaching a certain age, begin to go back, or decline in vigor, until 
they succumb, and he describes how certain pine trees more fortu- 
nately situated by natural planting over holes through the Ortstein 
(Ortsteintépfe) are able to send their tap-roots into the deeper soil 
layers. Under such conditions tall thrifty pine trees will be scattered 
here and there over the surface of the heathland, while the majority 
of the trees, that become established in the region, are dwarf and 
Fic. 7. Pine-barrens (pine-heath) near Lake Ronkonkoma, Long Island. 
July 20, 1913. 
languishing. Similar conditions are found in the plains of New 
Jersey where the low, dwarf pine trees live for a number of years and 
finally succumb, to be replaced by other trees that pass through a 
similar existence. Hence the dwarf basket pines of the New Jersey 
Coremal are all short-lived. Thus hardpan and fire are the two most 
important factors which have perpetuated the heath vegetation of the 
New Jersey plains (Coremal), while the surrounding region with more 
‘Klebahn, H. Grundziige der allgemeinen Phytopathologie, p. 14. 
*Graebner, P. Die Heide Norddeutschlands. Die Vegetation der Erde 
pele 
