HARSHBERGER: AMERICAN HEATHS AND PINE HEATHS 185 
pervious soil, although similarly fire-swept in later years, has been 
preserved as a pine forest, or pine-heath (Kiefern-heide). Remove 
the pines and the conditions as they exist in the Coremal of Nantucket 
are duplicated. The New Jersey pine-barrens with the removal of 
the pines represent such an oak-heath as we have described for the 
islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket and of similar physiog- 
nomy with such oaks as the bear oak (Quercus nana) and dwarf chest- 
nut oak (Quercus prinoides) forming the main ground cover. 
Similarly, as in Germany, the pine trees in the Long Island and 
New Jersey regions have become dominant and the heath plants in 
Fic. 8. Rounded clumps of pine-barren heather (Hudsonia ericoides) in full 
flower growing one mile south of Shamong, N. J.. May 27, 1916. 
the form of the bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), sand myrtle 
(Dendrium buxifolium), huckleberry (Gaylussacia resinosa), laurel 
(Kalmia latifolia), and the oaks become subordinate to the pines and 
form the characteristic undergrowth of the pine forest (Figs. 7 and 8). 
Graebner distinguished several types of heath woodland, as follows: 
I. Type. Pine-heath. a 
Facies a. Pine-heath with dominance of Juniperus com- 
munis. 
Facies b. Pine-heath with dominance of Rubus species. 
*Facies c. Pine-heath with dominance of Arctostaphylos uva- 
Urst. 
